John Anthony's Flora of Sutherland

John Anthony’s
Flora of Sutherland

Botanical Society of Edinburgh

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ANTHONY, J.

John Anthony's flora
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ROYAL
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John Anthony’s
Flora of Sutherland

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(by permission of University of St Andrews)

John Anthony (foreground) together with left to right Professor
R. J. D. Graham, Professor Sir William Wright-Smith, Mr J. L. Smith

and Sir George Taylor

John Anthony’s
Flora of Sutherland

EDITED AND COMPILED BY
J. B. KENWORTHY

BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH

© Botanical Society of Edinburgh 1976
Printed in Great Britain
at Aberdeen University Press

ISBN 0 903077 01 9

FIS\107
ANTHONY, J.

John Anthony's flora
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Contents
vii Editorial Note
ix Acknowledgements

1 The County of Sutherland

4 Geology
7 Soils
10 Climate

13 Botanical Districts
21 Botanical Exploration
26 Vegetation of Sutherland

32 Notes on the Fungal Flora of Sutherland
by Roy Watling

34 The influence of Man in Sutherland
38 Bibliography
42 Reference List of Contributors
43 County Flora
177. Index of English Names

189 Index of Latin Names

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Editorial Note

John Anthony died in June 1972 at the age of 78 just at a time when his
Flora of Sutherland was almost completed. His interest in the Scottish
Flora was a long one stemming from student days in Edinburgh, where he
read both arts and science. He completed his B.Sc. in 1926 and that same
year he became a Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. After some
time in Malaya in the late 1920s he returned to Scotland as an assistant
lecturer in Botany, first in Dundee then later as lecturer in Forest Botany
in the University of Edinburgh. Retirement in 1958 was for John Anthony
the stimulus to complete, what was for him both a challenge and a labour
of love, the first county flora for Sutherland. He spent nearly twenty years
of his life on this project, assisted for much of this time by his wife. I
personally recall him as a quiet, modest yet friendly individual, whom I
met from time to time in Bettyhill, the centre of his interests in Sutherland.
A retired Army Captain from the First World War, holder of the Military
Cross, a teacher, a scholar, an expert on wood anatomy, a man widely
travelled in both the Far and Middle East and now the author of a county
flora, such a combination of attributes is rare especially in our modern
specialised way of life.

In compiling John Anthony’s Flora, I have edited and added to sections
he produced for the original manuscript. The sections concerned with
Botanical Districts and Botanical Exploration are close to John Anthony’s
original, whereas the bibliography has been extended a good deal. Both
the Index of Botanical Names and the Index of Latin Names have been
added to the original script. I am particularly grateful to Mr Donald
Paterson of the Botany Department of Aberdeen University for his help
in this matter. I am responsible for the sections: The County of Sutherland,
Climate, Geology, Soils, Vegetation and the Influence of Man. Dr Roy
Watling kindly provided a short note on the Fungal Flora of Sutherland.
Photographs are acknowledged individually. Throughout I have tried to
blend my style with that of John Anthony. The main part of the flora has
been edited and checked as far as possible and a list of authorities is to be
found at end of the flora. In most cases the records are somewhat detailed
being specific to the parish. While I have checked almost all the records
with the Atlas of the British Flora, or with my personal experience of the
north coast of Sutherland, I think there are very few doubtful records. In
fact, I suspect that some of the older records may be confirmed and
extended in the light of more extensive surveys especially in the west of
the county. Thus any additional information or correction to the contents
of the flora would be most appreciated.

I am indebted to Professor C. H. Gimingham for his comments upon the
script and to Mr R. Mackecknie and Mr J. Grant Roger for similar services.
I hope that the members of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh who have
sponsored this flora will feel that they have made a positive contribution
to Botany in Scotland with its publication.

Colour plates for a Flora are very expensive and I am grateful for the
opportunity to use Shirley Poole’s paintings. Permission to print the cover
was given by Miss Shirley Poole of Middlesborough and by Misses Jean,
Christine and Elsie McKay of Tigh-na-craig Bettyhill. The painting is one
of many by Miss Poole to be found in several houses in Sutherland.

It took John Anthony a considerable time to compile his manuscript
and it has taken me a number of years to produce the completed flora.
During this time the Botanical Society of Edinburgh have shown immense
patience and have always been in every way an encouragement.

J. B. Kenworthy

June 1976
University of Aberdeen

Vili

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank :

Dr D. Radcliffe of the Nature Conservancy for lists of species mainly
alpine from the Western Mountains

Mr D. McClintock for lists of species from Durness which he had
compiled over a long period

Mr A. G. Kenneth of Ardrishaig for lists from the northwest which
included new localities and species of Hieracia

Mr P. Sell who not only named but supplied a record of that genus in
Sutherland

Mr J. Dandy who supplied a record of Potomageton

Dr Yeo who named all my gatherings of Huphrasia

Dr Edees who named the Rubi

Professor J. R. Matthews who named the Rosa species

Dr Ursula Duncan for her contribution of lists from some remote areas
I am grateful to Dr Perring and his staff at Monkswood for their
constant interest in my researches

John Anthony
January 1972
Edinburgh

1X

The County of Sutherland

From the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean the far north of Scotland is an
area quite unlike any other in Britain. Sutherland is a countryside
apparently compressed by the sky into the great central plain of A’Mhoine,
and a coastline torn to pieces by storm seas. A large county, the fifth
largest in Scotland, it suffers from an overabundance of peat and rock.
This empty landscape has hidden within it evidence of a time of trees and
straths crowded with people. Now the population of Sutherland live in
sheltered and fertile areas along the coast; isolated houses in scattered
crofting communities.

The grandeur of the county is expressed in its extensive horizon. In
many places a view of 20 miles is not uncommon. The north coast is
formed of precipitous cliffs with only a few sandy beaches. From Cape
Wrath to Strathy Point the cliffs are for the most part over 400 ft in
height but reach 900 ft on Clo Mor. The two Kyles of Durness and Tongue,
each with wide sands and set against a backcloth of high mountains, break
this flat northern coastline. In contrast, Loch Eriboll with its fiord-like
contours has an isolated beauty of its own and is at the same time one of
the greatest natural harbours in Britain. Of the northern mountains, Ben
Loyal and Ben Hope are the most outstanding, the former with its steep
northern face and central castle dominating the countryside for a great
distance around. Even Coldbackie Hill (the watch hill), although only
1000 ft, has imposing conglomerate cliffs rising almost vertically from the
sea and commanding a view from the Hebrides to the Orkneys.

The eastern boundary with Caithness follows a watershed from
Drumhollistan in the north to the Ord in the east. From Melvich to
Kinbrace along Strath Halladale, the boundary is one of wild moorland
and deer forest. Moving further south, Kinbrace is the gateway to the
strath of Kildonan, where gold and semi-precious stones are found.
Helmsdale, a fishing port of some repute in earlier times, lies at the
southern end of the boundary with Caithness.

Along the south-east, bounded by the Moray Firth, is a low flat coastline
fringed with sand dunes and one large inlet, the land-locked Loch Fleet.
Further north, near Loth, another loch with its accompanying swamp was
drained during the last century. In this area ample evidence of man’s
influence over some considerable time period can be found in the remains
of brochs and chambered cairns on the flat coastal areas south of Loth.
The south-east of the county from Brora to Bonar Bridge is the most
densely populated area in the county, lying as it does on good soils derived

1

from friable sandstones and in an unexposed and warm climatic zone.
Around Golspie these conditions result in good agricultural land and
extensive woodlands.

On its southern boundary, the county is one of contrasts in scenery.
From Bonar Bridge westwards up the Shin valley trees dominate the
countryside; many of them planted along the Kyle of Sutherland by the
Forestry Commission. The boundary then follows the course of the River
Oykell, in its broad valley to a source on the slopes of Breabeg (2670 ft)
and southwards along the watershed to the Cromalt Hills (1692 ft). The
western end of the boundary enters the sea at Loch Kirkaig after
traversing Loch Veyatie and Fionn Loch. As well as crossing a great
range of geological structures from the new sandstones of the east to the
very old Lewisian gneiss of the west, through Durness limestone at Elphin
and Inchnadamph, the south of the county contains a wide range of plant
habitats due to a variety of climatic conditions. The west coast and higher
hills of central Sutherland are extremely exposed, while the east coast and
Kyle of Sutherland are comparatively sheltered. The west coast of Scotland
is renowned for its beauty although this is associated more with the
counties of the south. However, the coastline of Sutherland has tremendous
variety and beauty, from the cliffs of Stoer Head and the glorious white
sands of Achmelvich to the mountains of Suilven, Cannisp and Quinag.
Many sea lochs and bays along the west coast give a long, tortuous coast-
line which is, for the most part, rocky but with wide sandy bays at Sand-
wood, Scourie, Clashnessie, Stoer, Clachtoll and Achmelvich. Innumerable
islands, of which Handa and Oldany are the largest lie off the coast; some
are used for grazing but none are inhabited. The topography of this area
is most important for plant life, since any place which affords shelter from
the westerly winds can reap the benefit from a generally mild climate on
the west coast. In the far north-west of the county lies the desolate and
extremely exposed coastline of the Parphe, a highly inaccessible area of
ereat beauty and interest. The Parphe was mentioned in Blaeu’s Atlas as
having many wolves and later Gordon cites the area as one with an
abundance of red deer. The geological structure is one of Lewisian gneiss,
covered by blanket peat, with scattered outcrops of sandstone and lime-
stone while bare quartzite screes occur on Ben Stack and Foinaven.

In the interior, Sutherland is a vast plain of peat, broken only by the
isolated mountain peaks of Ben Hope, Ben Loyal and Foinaven in the
north; Ben Griam More, Ben Griam Beg, Ben Armine and Ben Klibreck
in the centre and Ben Stack, Ben More Assynt and the trio of Cannisp,
Quinag and Suilven in the west.

The county may be divided into three drainage basins. To the north the
rivers drain into the Pentland Firth. These are the Dionard into the Kyle
of Durness, the Hope from Loch Hope, the Borgie and the Naver into
Torrisdale bay, the Strathy from Loch Strathy and the Halladale which
enters the sea at Bighouse bay. To the west three large rivers flow into the

2

Atlantic Ocean; the Laxford from Loch Stack, the Inver from Loch
Assynt and the Kirkaig from Loch Veyetie. In the third zone the rivers
flow into the Moray Firth. These are the Helmsdale, Brora, Golspie, Fleet,
Evelix and the Oykell with its tributaries the Cassley and the Shin. There
is a very large number of lochs in the county, especially in the west, vary-
ing in size from Loch Shin (17 miles) to mere lochans. They provide an
interesting and diverse habitat for aquatic plants, from the alkaline lochs
of the limestone districts (also famed for their large trout) to the peaty
and highly acid lochans scattered throughout the west and over the
central plain.

Geclogy

A short section on the geomorphic pattern of the preglacial landscapes of
Sutherland is included in this flora because in many cases the composition
of these older rocks has a dominating control over soil formation within
the county. Thus geological formations influence the distribution of
vegetation types and individual species. The geology of Sutherland is as
varied as anywhere in Europe although much of the variation is found in
the extreme east and west of the county, the central belt being dominated
by Moine Schists.

A most important feature of solid geology in Sutherland is the great
Moine Thrust plane running SSW from Loch Eriboll, which separates the
eastern Moine schists from the complex assemblage of Lewisian, Torri-
donian and Cambrian rocks of the west. The oldest rocks of the area are
thought to be the Lewisian gneisses which form the basic rock structure of
Sutherland. This structure was intensively folded and metamorphosed to
give a denuded surface upon which the Torridonian sandstones were laid
down during the Pre-Cambrian. Relict hills of sandstone are clearly seen
overlying the Lewisian strata around Lochinver. Early geologists likened
Suilven, Cannisp, Cul Mor and Cul Beag to Torridonian ships on a
Lewisian sea and this description is most apt. The gneiss, with its numerous
intrusive dykes of basalt, granite and basic rocks, is intensively ice-worn,
giving rise to grey knolls and ridges, polished smooth and bare, which
retain their comparative level except towards their eastern boundary
where it rises steeply to form the western flanks of Cranstackie, Foinaven,
Arkle and Ben Stack. Innumerable hollows have been scooped out by
ancient glaciers and these now form hundreds of lochans, which with the
large expanses of bare rock, are characteristic of this formation. In the
extreme north, near Cape Wrath, Torridonian sandstones form mag-
nificent sea cliffs at Clo Mor.

The Cambrian strata, including Durness limestone, overlie Torridonian
sandstones. Mudstones, quartzites and grits are also included in this
period. Quartzite forms a variable layer up to 500 ft thick in places,
capping the sandstones on Foinaven in the south, while forming the sea
cliffs of Whiten Head in the north. This quartzite breaks up into sharp
fragments resulting in large screes which characterise the landscape. Where
quartzite predominates the land is barren and devoid of vegetation. In its
upper surfaces this old sea bed is fine grained and compact and has, run-
ning at right angles, cylinders of the same material caused by the action
of sand worms. This gives the name pipe-rock to the quartzite. Above the

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pipe-rock is a band of brown calcareous shale, with thin dolomite beds and
flaggy grits up to 50 ft thick which are traversed by dark markings,
originally attributed to sea-weeds, and thus named fucoid beds. On
weathering the shale produces a yellowish clay, which being lime-rich, has
marked effects upon the accompanying vegetation. The upper layer of
limestone is grey in colour and outcrops from Durness to Assynt. Cambrian
limestones of the Durness area are the thickest in Scotland. They are
extremely variable in quality, in some places containing large amounts of
dolomite, while in others siliceous matter is dominant.

Millions of years later the great Caledonian earth movements forced a
mass of older metamorphic rocks, the Moine series, westward over the
Cambrian series until a narrow wedge of Cambrian rocks was left exposed
to the west of the Moine Thrust plane. This process gave rise to the present
geological framework of two areas of Pre-Cambrian rocks separated north
to south by a band of Cambrian limestone.

The rocks of the Moine series are so called from their occurrence in A
’*Mhoine, a tract of peaty moorland which extends east of the Moine Thrust.
From a lithological point of view the Moinian rocks are as monotonous as
the Lewisian are diversified. Highly siliceous, flaggy granulite is widely
distributed within this series together with finer grained peltic rocks and
bands with distorted pebbles from original conglomerates. The flattish
areas at 900 to 1000 ft are the remains of planation surfaces with Ben Hee
and Ben Klibreck as inselbergs (island mountains) of Pre-Cambrian rock
rising from a Triassic desert. This wide tract of country, from Whiten
Head to the Cromalt Hills, westward to Strath Halladale and Strath Ullie,
is covered with deep peat forming rough moorland and bog.

From the Dornoch Firth to Helmsdale there lies a belt of Old Red
Sandstone some five miles wide. Traces of this formation occur on the
summit of Ben Armine and at Strathy and Tongue on the coast. Ben
Griam More and Ben Griam Beg form terraced pyramids of conglomerate.
Ben Loyal owes its distinctive outline to the massive crystalline syenite of
which it is composed.

Between the Old Red Sandstone and the Moray Firth, from Golspie to
Helmsdale, lies a narrow belt of the newer rocks forming successive layers
of sandstone, shale and limestone. These rocks are overlaid with later
glacial drifts and boulder clay. More recent still are the peat deposits and
the areas of blown sand which form dunes at many places around the coast.

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Plate 1 Sedum rosea Roseroot

(J. B. Kenworthy)

Plate 2 Carex rostrata and Equisetum fluviatale Bottle Sedge and
Water Horsetail

Soils

The complex nature of geological structures, extreme conditions for
weathering and the glacial outwash process have led to a wide array of soil
structures in Sutherland. Modification of these chemical and physical units
has taken place since the last glaciation over a period of 10,000 to 15,000
years. High precipitation and low evaporation in northern climates results
in a net downward movement of water. In addition, the influence of man
in promoting grazing and burning has modified the vegetation thereby
affecting soil development.

The soils of Sutherland are dominated by the products of older meta-
morphic rocks and are generally acid. The reasons are threefold; the soils
are derived from a solid geology which is low in bases such as calcium and
magnesium; the rocks are not weathered rapidly; and most of Sutherland
is in an area in which movement of water in the soil is predominantly
downward. Thus a situation arises that any plant nutrients which are
released from rocks in the weathering process are quickly rendered un-
available to the vegetation. For large parts of Sutherland the main source
of plant nutrition is rainwater.

In regions with outcrops of limestone, dolomite, calcareous schists,
hornblende schists, caleareous sandstone etc., bases, mainly calcium and
magnesium, derived from the easily weathered rock structures, replenish
the soil with nutrients and ameliorate soil acidity.

Tn such areas the effects upon soil and vegetation are most marked. This
feature is very striking all along the edge of the Moine thrust, but par-
ticularly easily viewed along the shores of Loch Eriboll between Kempie
and Heilam, at Durness on the massive outcrops and further south at
Inchnadamph. The contrast with more acid soils is apparent in the absence
of undecomposed organic remains in these soils.

Much of the soil in Sutherland is made up from organic remains of plants
accumulating under anaerobic, acid conditions. The major formation is
blanket peat developed as a continuous layer of acid organic material,
sometimes formed on bare rock but usually over a mineral skeletal soil —
always in areas of high rainfall or high humidity. This layer varies in
thickness from a few centimetres to over a metre. The upper part of the
peat is made from undecomposed vegetation, usually composed of
Trichophorum caespitosum, Eriophorum and Sphagnum spp. in the west,
whereas on the east and north coasts Calluna vulagaris and Erica spp. are
the contributary species. The former give a dark amorphous peat and the
latter a browner fibrous peat. In the west this peat formation can often be

7

recognised from a distance as eroded hags with shining west faces made up
from the moss Rhacomitrium lanuginosum.

In areas where the topography is gently undulating ground ora, flat
enclosed basin, water accumulates giving rise to deeper peat sometimes
greater than 10 m in depth. Conditions of this type are found throughout
Sutherland but predominate in the north and west, especially in the older
gneiss landscape. This topogenic peat is made up entirely from plant
remains reflecting in the vegetation layers the history of climatic change in
the area since the last glaciation. Layer upon layer of partially decomposed
plant remains show the beginnings of post-glacial vegetation with sedges
and reeds passing through drier periods when trees invaded the area. Some
of the tree stumps in this area, birch and pine, remain embedded in the
peat. Birch stumps occur throughout a large depth of peat whereas pine
stumps occur usually in one layer but some times as two distinct horizons.
Above the tree stumps, dark peat formed from Calluna and Eriophorum
is present, reflecting a cooler wetter climate. Finally the uppermost peat
is mainly composed of Sphagnum spp.

Where glacial debris has been deposited in the straths of Sutherland or
on rock surfaces with only a slight slope, soils have developed which show
a structure involving three basic horizons. The mineral soil consists of an
A horizon from which minerals and in some cases small particles have
been removed; a B horizon into which minerals are deposited and a C
horizon of unaltered parent materials. This is usually capped by organic
debris in various stages of decay in which the name of the horizon describes.
the organic matter and its state of decay, litter, fermentation and humus.

A brown earth soil develops in association with herb rich vegetation,
usually bearing birch forest in the north and east with oak in the west, or
where trees have been removed, good agricultural grassland. Here the A and
B horizons are indistinct and good mixing in the soil maintains a relatively
even distribution of minerals within the soil, showing little signs of
leaching.

If the underlying rocks are poor in minerals and soil develops in an area
of high rainfall, above the tree line or where heather has been encouraged
by grazing and burning, then a podsol of some type may result. Podsols
are characterised by a leached A horizon from which the sesquioxides of
iron and aluminium have been removed leaving an ash grey layer. These
compounds, together with other nutrients, are deposited at a lower level
within the soil giving either a red stained layer of soil, in the case of the
iron podsol, or two layers red stained with iron and black stained with
humus particles in an iron humus podsol. Throughout central and eastern
Sutherland the thin iron pan podsol with a characteristic well defined layer
of oxides, 20-30 cm below a cap of raw humus, is widespread. These soils
are easily examined in roadside quarries on the A836 and the A897.

Richer soils are confined to straths in the north and east whereas the
strong influence of Durness limestone is seen in the west. Rendzinas are

8

soils which develop from highly calcareous parent material as shallow soils
dark brown in colour and generally with a low clay content. They form a
neutral mull-like humus. In Sutherland they support largely grassland and
agricultural land having in general a great diversity of species, both higher
plants and cryptogams. Rendzinas are found from Balnakiel in the north
to Inchnadamph in the south.

On high ground in the east as in the west above 2000 ft the soils are thin
and skeletal. These mountain tundra soils have poorly developed horizons
caused by weak chemical or biological processes. Such soils are formed
under very cold conditions and are composed of angular fragments. In
patterned mountain tundra soils the fragments are frost sorted to form
solifluction terraces usually bounded by vegetation (Crampton, 1912). The
Hamada mountain tundra soils have a continuous layer of fragments with
frost sorting absent.

Among the more infrequent soils, one is particularly important in the
coastal vegetation of Sutherland. At Invernaver calcareous sands contain-
ing 2-4 per cent CaCO, are blown by coastal winds to a height of 400 ft
above the beach. The calcium is derived from shell fragments in the sand.
On this sand, which shows little development into horizons, except for
banding caused by fresh additions of sand, Dryas octopetala is probably
as abundant as anywhere in Britain. Where springs seep through the sand,
calcareous flushes develop in which Primula scotica is to be found.

Climate

The climate of Sutherland shows a wide range of variability. A striking
contrast exists between the wetter, milder, climate of the more exposed
and rugged west coastal district and that of the drier eastern and northern
shores. In the western coastal zone the prevailing winds during the winter
and summer months are from the south-west. These bring abundant
moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. Rain occurs on more than 200 days each
year. The annual average rainfall is 150 cm (60 in.) while the mean annual
temperature is 10°C (50°F). The lowlands on the Moray Firth coast lie in
the dry belt of eastern Scotland; the average annual rainfall is 77 cm
(31 in.). During the spring and early summer cold northerly and north-
easterly winds prevail, often bringing sea-fog. The mean annual tem-
perature is 6-2°C (45°F). A further difference is in the range of temperature.
In the west the January mean is 6-2°C (45°F) and that of July 12-2°C
(54°F). The comparative figures for the east are, January 3:3°C (38°F)
and July 14°C (57°F). In the north coastal region, as in the east, cold
northerly and north-easterly winds blow during the spring and early
summer; the average rainfall is 90cm (36in.) and the mean annual
temperature 6-2°C (45°F). In all coastal areas snow seldom lies long and
the winters are comparatively mild for these latitudes. In the interior,
however, the climate is more rigorous. The winters are long and severe,
with snow persisting on the hills. Rainfall is high, especially in the western
hills, Ben More Assynt 250 cm (100 in.), but declines towards the east. In
all areas wind exerts a profound influence, often blowing at gale force, but
precise data are not recorded. In these latitudes the amount of daylight
differs widely between summer and winter. On the north coast daylight in
June approximates 20 hours per day while in January there is scarcely
6 hours. The daily average amount of sunshine in summer is 3 hours and
in winter 1 hour. Due to the low elevation of the sun many areas par-
ticularly in the valleys receive no sunlight during some of the winter
months.

On the whole then, the summers have long daylight but winter days are
short and in the autumn frosts come early affecting the valleys which are
shaded from the sun by high hills. The winters are long, dark, dreary and
boisterous.

Birse and Dry (1970) have assessed the climate of Scotland on the basis
of accumulated temperature above 5-6°C and potential water deficit. Such
parameters are thought to contribute to a major control of plant growth
in terms of potential growing season and utilisation of available water.

10

Their classification produces approximately eighteen climatic sub-types
of which fifteen are present in Sutherland. Of this wide range of sub-types,
those described as ‘warm’ have accumulated temperatures of over 1375
day degrees and are absent from Sutherland, while others ranging through
‘fairly warm’ (1100-1375 day degrees) ‘cool’, ‘cold’, ‘very cold’, to
‘extremely cold’ (0-275 day degrees) are present. These units cover the
range ‘dry’ to ‘wet’ and occur over a physiographic range from lowland to
mountain. However, any assessment of climate for Sutherland suffers from
a lack of information; the whole county map being based upon six weather
stations.

A large part of Sutherland is classified as cool wet foothills and uplands,
slightly drier in the east but still rather wet. A coastal zone of fairly warm
moist lowland stretches around the west and north coasts in a band, which
is never more than 5 miles wide. On the north coast it rapidly merges with
a ‘cool’ zone whereas on the west coast the transition may take 10 or
20 miles and traverse warm but increasingly wetter zones.

Another climatic feature which dominates the Sutherland scene is
exposure. In a second climatic map Birse and Dry (1970) have used
exposure and accumulated frosts as a basis for their climatic regions. As
the assessment of exposure is based largely upon changes in terrain and
this is so variable in Sutherland, the picture produced is extremely com-
plex. Most of Sutherland is classified as ‘exposed’, ‘very exposed’ or
‘extremely exposed’, having average wind speeds ranging from 4:4 m/s
(8-9 m.p.h.) to greater than 8-9 m/s (18-0 m.p.h.). The only areas classified
as sheltered are stretches of country around Bonar Bridge, Strath Oykel,
west of Dornoch and a small area near Loch Brora. These have a mean
windspeed below 2-6 m/s (5:85 m.p.h.).

The ‘moderately exposed’ region having wind speeds between 2-6 and
4-4 m/s is generally absent from the west coast but stretches inland along
the straths of the east and north coasts. These areas represent the drainage
pattern of the sloping Moine thrust which is normally N.W.-S.E. but is
also cut to the north by Strathnaver and Strath Halladale. This area of
sheltered to moderately exposed ground covers only 10 per cent of
Sutherland but is of considerable importance to the general flora of the
area, corresponding to the main limits of natural woodland. Woodland is
mainly birch forest but with pine, rowan and hazel and, in some places
(Assynt) oak; birch and rowan extend beyond this area into exposed sites
as high as 1000 ft on Ben Loyal.

The effect of climate on vegetation is very clearly demonstrated, even
to the casual observer, on the road from Bonar Bridge to Tongue. Passing
along the Kyle of Sutherland the vegetation is largely wooded with some
plantations. Stands of birch show a high proportion of Betula pendula
interspersed with planted beech and oak. The decrease in tree cover
becomes obvious around Lairg or on the high road above the Falls of Shin,
where birch is the dominant tree and Betula pubescens ssp odorata the

11

species. There is a marked change in climate to cool, rather wet, moderately
exposed with moderate winters. Along Strath Tirry to Crask the climate
changes mainly in having a greater exposure. Large stretches of this area,
with easy access to the main road, have been planted in the past 15 years,
although native trees are few and far between, occurring only in sheltered
areas and away from grazing pressure. Beyond Crask there is little planting
until one descends into Strath Vagastie. Here isolated trees of birch, hazel
and rowan line the river side. The high area between Crask and Altnaharra
is classified as cool, wet, exposed with rather severe winters. Altnaharra
on the shores of Loch Naver has a much better climate. This area, described
as cool, wet, moderately exposed, with moderate winters, has plantations
around Altnaharra Lodge and extensive natural birch woods on the
northern slopes of Ben Klibreck.

Along the shores of Loch Naver on the Bettyhill road, the climate
improves rapidly so that even at Syre, some 15 miles from the coast, the
climate is classified as fairly warm, rather wet, moderately exposed with
moderate winters. Apart from this small area of ameliorated climate, the
road to Tongue continues through an area of cool, wet, exposed country
with moderate winters until one descends into the Kyle of Tongue where a
remarkable change occurs over a short distance on the northern slopes of
Ben Loyal.

An increasingly large area of land adjacent to this road is being planted
with Sitka spruce and Pinus contorta, with a few amenity species on the
road-side. It is the change in what is left of natural woodland which is
most interesting. Two species of birch form the major tree cover with
rowan, hazel and alder occurring irregularly. Although Betula pubescens
ssp. odorata occurs wherever trees are present on this 50-mile traverse of
Sutherland, Betula pendula is found only in three areas along the road and
these coincide with the most moderate climates. At the southern end up
to Inveran the species is frequent but absent from Lairg to Tongue, except
for a small number at Altnaharra which may have been planted.

12

Botanical Districts

In his scheme for the recording of plant distribution in Great Britain,
H. C. Watson divided the county of Sutherland into two vice-counties:
East Sutherland (v.c. 107) the area drained by rivers flowing south-
eastwards into the Moray Firth and West Sutherland (v.c. 108) where the
rivers flow west and north into the Atlantic Ocean. Vice-counties are here
further subdivided into smaller districts — the parishes. These parishes are
based on the river systems and their mutual boundaries are, for the most
part, traced along the watersheds. The parishes are as follows:

v.c. 107

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
v.c. 108

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Creich lies in the south of the county. It is bounded on the west by Assynt,
on the north-west by Eddrachillis, on the north-east by Lairg and Rogart,
on the east by Dornoch and on the south by Ross and Cromarty from which
it is separated by the River Oykell from its source on Ben More until it
flows into the Kyle of Sutherland and Dornoch Firth. The parish extends
to 173 square miles and comprises the left bank basin of the Oykell river.
The underlying rocks are schists of the Moine series and in the north-west
Cambrian quartzite on the hill tops. The land is everywhere hilly but
mountainous in the north-west where it reaches an elevation of 3273 ft on
Ben More Assynt. The greater part of the parish is high bleak moorland.
Arable land occurs on the low ground from Invershin to Bonar Bridge,
while the lower slopes are planted with pine and oak woods. By the Kyle
of Sutherland the marshy meadows are fringed with alder and willows,
Tris pseudacorus and Filipendula ulmaria. The Shin vailey is well wooded
with birch interspersed with ash, elm, bird cherry and gean. The ground
flora includes Anemone nemorosa, Ajuga reptans, Endymion non-scriptus,
Lysimachia nemorum, Oxalis acetosella, Trollius europaeus, Viola riviniana,
Veronica chamaedrys and the rare Ranunculus auricomus. In the oakwoods
are found Juniperus communis, Lathyrus montanus, Lonicera periclymenum,
Luzula campestris, L. pilosa, L. sylvatica, Stellaria nemorum, Teucrium
scorodonia and T'rientalis europaea. Species of Rubus and Rosa abound on
the roadside. More interesting, however, is the considerable range of
montane species growing at altitudes up to 3000 ft on Ben More Assynt.
In addition to the commoner species such as Alchemilla alpina, Arctous
alpinus, Armeria maritima, Carex bigelowit, Cerastium alpinum, Empetrum

13

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WWO0/qYy907]

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ssauing

14

hermaphroditum, Luzula spicata, Trollius europaeus, Silene acaulis there
are the rarer Juncus trifidus, J. biglumis, J. castaneus, Draba norvegica, Poa
alpina and Deschampsia alpina.

Lairg, an inland parish of 194 square miles, is bounded on the north by
Farr, on the east by Rogart, on the south by Creich and north-west by
Eddrachillis. The parish consists of the broad valley formed by the chain
of lochs — Merkland, a’Ghriama, and Shin. The hills along the watershed
north and south of the lochs rise to 1000 ft and on the northern boundary
to 2864 ft on the shoulder of Ben Hee. The numerous streamlets all drain
into the lochs. The underlying rocks are of granite and schists. The whole
area is peat covered. At Shinness, at the southern end of Loch Shin, a
considerable area has been reclaimed for agriculture. Recently the level of
the lochs has been raised by a dam at the south of Loch Shin, while a
second dam in the Shin valley below Lairg has formed a new loch
eliminating a large marsh. Extensive new forestry plantings have been
made in Strath Tirry. Accompanying these changes there has been road
reconstruction. The Flora of the parish is of a typical moorland type.

Rogart — like Lairg an inland parish — is bounded on the north by Farr,
north-east by Clyne, south-east by Golspie, south by Dornoch, south-west
by Creich and west by Lairg. Its area is 97 square miles. The northern part
of the parish is drained by the upper reaches of the Brora river and the
southern part of the Fleet river. The land is hilly with elevations ranging
from 600 to 1000 ft on the boundary hills. The rocks are of gneiss and
granite, covered with peat, so that the parish is mostly moorland and bog.
In Strath Brora and Strath Fleet there are some 2000 acres of arable land.
In the vicinity of Rogart village the following species, all very rare in the
county, are to be found: Barbarea vulgaris, Equisetum pratense, Helian-
themum chamaecistus, Lemna minor, Lepidium heterophyllum, Nuphar
pumila, Lythrum portula, Teesdalia nudicaulis and Vulpia myuros.

Dornoch parish lies in the south-east of the county. It is bounded on the
west by Creich, on the north by Rogart, Golspie and Loch Fleet and on
the east and south by the Dornoch Firth. A small parish of some 34 square
miles, it has a relatively long coastline (12 miles), which is low and sandy
and fringed with dunes and links. Inland the land is hilly and rises gently
to 1100 ft in the north-west. The rocks are mainly of sandstone. The soil
near the coast is sandy, further inland of a black peaty loam bearing
coniferous plantations. The lower slopes of the hills are occupied by crofts.
Plants, very rare in Sutherland, occurring at Cuthill Sands are Teesdalia
nudicaulis and in a pond Lythrum portula; in a marsh at Dornoch Lemna
minor, Ranunculus sceleratus and Typha latifolia grow sparingly — all
threatened with extinction due to drainage. An interesting area about
14 miles in extent lies west of Dornoch Point and shows transitions from

15

salt marsh tu links. Characteristic plants here are Armeria maritima, Aster
tripolium, Plantago maritima, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima,
Spergularia media, Triglochin maritima. Particularly on areas where
turf has been removed are Juncus gerardti, J. balticus, both abundant, and
Carex maritima, scarce. On damp grassy places grow Coeloglossum viride,
Listera ovata, Dactylorchis incarnata, D. purpurella and Centaurium
littorale. On the links Astragalus danicus, Arabis hirsuta, Sedum acre,
Juniperus nana, Empetrum nigrum, all plentiful and Draba incana and
Antennaria dioica rare. On the sandy shore Cakile maritima, Salsola kali
and Atriplex glabriuscula abound. Another interesting area is at Cambus-
more. Saxifraga hypnoides (at sea-level) Helianthemum chamaecistus both
frequent, and Agrimonia ewpatoria (scarce), while on cliff ledges Sorbus
rupicola, Ajuga pyramidalis and Orthilia secunda, all very rare, are to be
found. The birch woods here contain T'rientalis europaea, Melica nutans
and M. uniflora. In the very wet areas are Carex remota, C. curta and
Equisetum palustre. The somewhat brackish areas at the waters edge have
Blysmus rufus (plentiful) and Glyceria maxima and Apium inundatum,
both in the only localities known in the county, scarce.

Golspie parish is bounded on the west by Rogart, on the north and north-
west by Clyne, on the south-east by the Dornoch Firth and on the south
by the Loch and River Fleet which separate it from Dornoch. It extends
to 35 square miles. The coast is low and sandy with dunes and links but
north of Golspie village it is low and rocky. On the shore at Golspie is a
dense tract of Elymus arenarius with Cakile maritima and Atriplex species.
Inland is a large triangular tract of arable land, the best in the county. On
the low sandy flats and lower slopes of the hills are coniferous plantations
with a ground flora of Vacciniwm myrtillus and Calluna. Interesting plants
here are Goodyera repens and Trientalis europaea, both species plentiful,
and Pyrola minor, Moneses uniflora and Linnaea borealis all very scarce.
The Golspie burn rises in the north and runs through the middle of the
parish. In its lower course through Dunrobin Glen its banks are well
wooded with alder, birch, ash, elm, oak, gean, bird cherry and goat willow.
In the policies of Dunrobin Castle are many exotic trees. On the Mound
rock Saxifraga hypnoides, Helianthemum chamaecistus and Ajuga pyramid-
alis — very rare. Rosa and Rubus species abound in the hedgerows and
roadsides.

Clyne parish, in extent 118 square miles, is bounded on the north-west by
Farr, on the north-east by Kildonan and Loth, on the south-east by the
Moray Firth and on the south-west by Golspie and Rogart. The sea-coast,
32 miles long, is low and sandy. The underlying rocks bordering the coast
are of sandstone, shale, limestone and coal; inland of schists. The land is
hilly rising in the north-west to the shoulder of Ben Armine on which
arise tributary streams which join the Brora river before it enters Loch

16

Brora. The surface is almost all moorland and rough pasture. In the birch
woods bordering the loch grow T'rientalis europaea, Corydalis claviculata
and on rock ledges the rare Orthilia secunda.

Loth, the smallest parish in the county, extends to 29 square miles. It is
bounded on the north by Kildonan, on the south-west by Clyne, and on
the south-east by the Moray Firth. It comprises the drainage basin of the
Loth river with its tributaries and several streamlets all of which reach the
sea by deeply cut gorges clothed with birch and willow. The short coast
line is sandy with dunes and a few rocky headlands. Inland is a narrow
zone of cultivated fields with a fertile soil. In the cornfields Centaurea
cyanus is abundant. On the roadside Calystegia sylvatica and Pentaglottis
sempervirens are frequent. Rubus species line the hedgerows. Above the
road the ground rises steeply. The lower slopes are occupied by crofts.
Towards the northern boundary the hills rise to 2000 ft on Bein Uarie. The
rocks are of red sandstone and on cliff ledges and screes Sedum rosea,
Saxifraga hypnoides, S. steliaris and Chamaepericlymenum suecicum occur.
On the moors Alchemilla alpina, Lycopodium selago, L. alpinum (very
scarce) and Rubus chamaemorus grow. In Glen Sletdale Lemna minor has
recently been recorded.

Kildonan parish comprises the drainage basin of the Helmsdale river with
its tributaries and extends to 210 square miles. It is bounded on the west
and north by Farr, on the east by Caithness, on the south-east by the
North Sea and on the south by Loth and Clyne. The coast, scarcely 5 miles
long, has a shingle beach from which the ground rises steeply while to the
north of Helmsdale it is formed of cliffs rising to 650 ft at the Ord. In the
north-west are many large lochs the streams from which unite to form the
Helmsdale river which flows through a wide valley and passing through a
narrow gap enters the sea at Helmsdale. The hills on the Caithness border
range from 900 ft at the Ord to 1900 ft on Creag Scalabsdale. In the north
stand the two Ben Griams each over 1900 ft, on the southern border the
land rises from Eldrable hill (1338 ft) at Helmsdale to the shoulder of Ben
Armine (2338 ft). The underlying rocks are granite, syenite and gneiss.
The surface is for the most part, rough pasture and moorland with small
areas of arable land at Kinbrace, Kildonan and Helmsdale where land has
been reclaimed. In sheltered parts of the valleys scrub birch with willow
are widespread. An interesting alpine flora is to be found on the upper
slopes of the Ben Griams, which are topped with old red sandstone debris:
Alchemilla alpina, A. filicaulis, Arctous alpinus, Asplenium viride,
Cardaminopsis petraea, Carex bigelowii, Cerastium alpinum, Draba incana,
Dryas octopetala, Empetrum hermaphroditum Epilobium anagallidifolium,
Galium sterneri, Loiseleuria procumbens, Luzula spicata, Polystichum
lonchitis, Potentilla crantzii, Salix myrsinites, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga
oppositifolia and Sedum rosea. In waste places round Helmsdale are some

17

plants with restricted distribution in the county: Bromus sterilis, Conium
maculatum, Hordeum murinum, Malva sylvestris, Senecio viscosus, Torilis
japonica, Veronica hederifolia and on the railway sidings Linaria vulgaris.

Assynt parish lies in the south-west of the county. It is bounded on the
west and north by the sea, on the east it is separated from Creich by high
mountains, and on the south by rivers and lochs from Ross and Cromarty.
Its area is 183 square miles. The greater part of the parish is composed of
Lewisian gneiss forming bare rocky knolls with innumerable lochans in
the hollows. From the gneiss rise steep Torridonian hills of red sandstone
capped with Cambrian quartzite. At Inchnadamph, Elphin and Knockan
are limestone plateaux flanked by cliffs. Here are to be found the most
interesting plants. Dryas octopetala is widespread and abundant. Asplenium
viride, Agropyron donianum, Arenaria norvegica, Carex rupestris, Epipactis
atrorubens, Galium sterneri, Polystichum lonchitis, Rubus saxatilis, Sorbus
rupicola, Silene acaulis and Thalictrum alpinum occur. On the hills Arctous
alpinus, Armeria maritima, Potentilla crantzii, Carex bigelowii, Lycopodium
alpinum, L. selago, Salix myrsinites and Saussurea alpina are frequent. In
the lochans Nymphaea alba, Lobelia dortmanna, Potamogeton natans,
Sparganium angustifolium and Subularia aquatica abound. T'rollius euro-
paeus is common in the fields, Vicia orobus on the roadsides. Notable plants
on the sea-shore are Mertensia maritima and Sagina saginioides, both rare.

Eddrachillis parish, 226 square miles, is bounded on the west by the
Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Durness, south-east by Lairg and Creich,
and south by Assynt. The coast, much indented by fiord-like lochs,
consists of precipitous cliffs interspersed by sandy and shingle bays.
Inland the land is hilly, dissected by glens, and rises to 2980 ft on Foinaven
and 2863 on Ben Hee. The rocks are mainly of gneiss, bare and
hummocky, red sandstone hills and some limestone. Plants of the sea.
coast are Silene acaulis, S. maritima, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Sedum
anglicum, S. rosea, Plantago maritima, P. coronopus, Armeria maritima,
Asplenium marinum, A. adiantum-nigrum, Juniperus communis ssp. nana,
Populus tremula and Hedera helix. In lochans are Utricularia minor, U.
intermedia, U. neglecta, Sparganium angustifolium, S. minimum, Myrio-
phyllum alterniflorum, Nymphaea alba, Lobelia dortmanna, Subularia
aquatica. On the hills Arctous alpinus, Acchemilla alpina, Antennaria
dioica, Carex bigelowti, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Lowseleuria procumbens,
Lycopodium alpinum, L. selago are common.

Durness parish, 234 square miles, occupies the north-western corner of the
county. On the north-west and north it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean.
on the east by Tongue and Farr, and on the west by Eddrachillis. It is the
most sparsely populated parish in Scotland (2-4 persons per square mile).
The coast is mainly of precipitous cliffs. There are two inlets, the shallow

18

Kyle of Durness and the longer deep-water Loch Eriboll. To the west of
the Kyle is the undulating plateau — the Parphe. The rocks here are of
Lewisian gneiss and Torridonian sandstone. The surface is covered with
deep peat and accordingly the region is bleak moorland and peat bog.
Between the Kyle and Loch Eriboll lies a range of hills attaining an
elevation of nearly 3000 ft at Foinaven. The western flank of the hills is
formed of gneiss and the eastern slopes of Cambrian quartzite, and so their
vegetation is scanty. East of Loch Eriboll the rocks are quartzite and
schists of the Moine series, resulting in a desolate moorland to the south of
which stands Ben Hope (3040 ft). Forming a triangular tract round
Durness village and a narrow zone on the south-western shore of Loch
Eriboll are limestone rocks giving rise to good pasture land. At Balnakeil
Bay there is a stretch of shell sand, which inland forms a machair.

On the cliffs at Cape Wrath and Faraid Head, Silene acaulis and
Saxifraga oppositifolia are frequent. Thalictrum alpinum occurs on the
shore at Koeldale. On the limestone Dryas octopetala is abundant, Carex
rupestris and E'pipactis atrorubens scarce. In a bog over-lying limestone
near Durness these species flourish: Pinguicula vulgaris, P. lusitanica,
Drosera anglica, D. rotundifolia, Carex flacca, C. echinata, C. pulicaris,
Primula scotica and Tofieldia pusilla.

Common on all the hills are Alchemilla alpina, Arctous alpinus, Arcto-
staphylos uva-ursi, Carex bigelowit, HEmpetrum nigrum, E. hermaphroditum,
Juniperus communis ssp. nana, Loiseleuria procumbens, Lycopodium
alpinum, L. selago, Polygonum viviparum, Salix herbacea, Saxifraga
stellaris, S. oppositifolia, Saussurea alpina, Sedum rosea, Selaginella
selaginoides and Thalictrum alpinum. On the western cliffs of Ben Hope
are Cardaminopsis petraea, Draba norvegica, Potentilla crantzii, Salix
lapponum, S. reticulata, Pyrola rotundifolia (the only locality in the
county) and P. minor. On the summit of Foinaven are Armeria maritima,
Cardaminopsis petraea, Cherleria sedoides, Juncus trifidus, Silene acaulis,
S. maritima, Luzula spicata, while on Meall Horn to the south Aspleniwm
viride, Draba incana, D. norvegica, Poa glauca, Polystichum lonchitis,
Saxifraga nivalis, are found along with other montane plants.

Tongue is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east and
south by Farr, and on the west by Durness. It extends to 136 square miles.
The coast consists of precipitous cliffs, some sandy bays and a long shallow
inlet, the Kyle of Tongue. To the west of Kyle lies the Moine, an undulating
tract of bog and moor in the north of which rises Ben Hutig on which
Arctous descends to some 500 ft. On the shores of the Kyle, Tongue woods
contain many exotic trees while in the coniferous plantations grow Listera
cordata, Goodyera repens and Pyrola minor. The chief river is the Borgie
from Loch Loyal. Equisetum telmateia is found on its banks in its upper
reaches, the sole locality in v.c. 108. Above Loch Loyal stands the
picturesque Ben Loyal. Among the many species are Alchemilla alpina,

19

Draba incana, Chamaepericlymenum suecicum, Epilobium anagallidifolium,
£. alsinifolium, Gnaphalium supinum, Poa glauca, but of special interest
is the abundance of Betula nana in a bog between this hill and Ben Heil.
On the island off Skerray, at Melness and Coldbackie, Radiola linoides
occurs. At Tongue Bay Alchemilla alpina and Oxyria digyna descend to
the cliff tops.

Farr, a very large parish of 417 square miles, is bounded on the north by
the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Caithness, on the south by Kildonan,
Clyne, Rogart and Lairg, and on the west by Eddrachiles, Durness and
Tongue. The coast consists of cliffs and sandy bays. Near the coast there
are many bare rocky outcrops. Inland the land is hilly culminating in the
south at Ben Klibreck (3154 ft) and in the south-west in Ben Hee
(2864 ft). The rocks are mainly schists of the Moine series, granite in
Strath Halladale. The parish is for the most part moorland but there is
arable land in Strathnaver, Strath Halladale and at Strathy, Kirtomy and
Bettyhill. Characteristic plants of the sea-cliffs are: Armeria maritima,
Asplenium marinum, Cochlearia officinalis, Ligusticum scoticum, Plantago
maritima, P. coronopus, Sagina maritima, Silene maritima, Sedum rosea,
Tripleurospermum maritimum and Vicia sylvatica. Plants, unusual in the
north are Ononis repens, a rayless form of Senecio jacobaea and Tragopogon
minor on the dunes, while in the cultivated fields Centaurea scabiosa,
Knautia arvensis, Huphrasia brevipila and its variety reayensis abound.
On the machair above Farr Bay are Antennaria dioica, Arabis hirsuta,
Botrychium lunaria, Coeloglossum viride, Campanula rotundifolia, Draba
incana, Dryas octopetala, Listera ovata, Oxytropis halleri, Pimpinella
saxifraga, Polygonum viviparum, Primula veris and Salix repens. On the
cliff tops Primula scotica, Scilla verna and Euphrasia marshallui abound.
On cliff ledges and screes from Farr to Kirtomy Sagina saginoides is to be
found. An area of particular interest is the hill west of the mouth of the
Naver. Here Carex maritima and Dryas octopetala are abundant. On the
cliff grow Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, A. ruta-muraria, A. trichomanes,
Cystopteris fragilis, Epipactis atrorubens, Saxifraga aizoides and S. oppositi-
folia. On Ben Klibreck, in addition to the common alpine species is the rare
Athyrium alpestre. In a bog nearby, the very rare sedge Carex chordorrhiza
has its only habitat on the mainland of Great Britain.

20

Botanical Exploration

Though the County of Sutherland was without roads until the beginning
of the nineteenth century, several travellers had already journeyed there
and recounted the hardships of travel. Pennant, who with Lightfoot,
entered the county at Knockan in 1772 proceeded only a few miles further
to Ledmore where he relates ‘the way was impassable for horses three
miles further on and that even a foot messenger must avoid the hills by
crossing an arm of the sea’.

Nevertheless botanical exploration had already begun. J. Robertson
(1768) (a pupil of Dr John Hope) discovered Oxytropis halleri at Farr in
July in abundance and wrote a detailed description of the plant and its
habitat accompanied with an excellent plate. He revisited the area in
August to collect seed but was disappointed as only a little was to be
found, the scarcity he attributed to the fact that the plants were grazed
by cattle.

About this time also there existed the Hortus Siccus of Dr John Hope
(Professor of Botany at Edinburgh) the species in which are listed by
I. B. Balfour (1907). These included many plants from Sutherland which
had been gathered over a wide area. ‘At Dunrobin all along the coast is
Saxifraga tridactylites; at Culgower, Ajuga pyramidalis; along the north
coast, principally at Farr, Centaurea scabiosa (plentiful), Gymnadenia
conopsea (frequent ), Oxytropis halleri, Primula scotica and Dryas octopetala;
on the north-west coast Draba incana and Scutellaria galericulata (plenti-
ful); Saxifraga oppositifolia on the rocks at the sea-side at Tongue; S.
aizoides on all the rivulets in the north; on all the high hills Rubus
chamaemorus and Loiseleuria procumbens (plentiful); Arctous alpinus on
Ben Griam and several other hills; a Carex (nova species) at the mouth
of the Naver and Ulmus in Assynt.’

Thomas Pennant (1774) made a tour of Scotland in 1772 bringing with
him the Rev. John Lightfoot who was to collect material for a Flora of
Scotland. Lightfoot collaborated with many botanists for his Flora
Scotica (1777). Here Dr Hope’s Sutherland plants are recorded and in
addition Dryas octopetala, Asplenium viride and Polystichum lonchitis
which he had seen in Assynt.

W. J. Hooker (at this time Professor of Botany at Glasgow) along with
W. Borrer visited many places in Scotland for material for his Flora
Scotica (1821), in which special mention is made of some Sutherland plants.
Of Pinguicula lusitanica he writes ‘nowhere have I seen it so plentiful as
in Sutherland upon the wet moors adjoining Cape Wrath. Dryas octopetala

21

is common all along the coast of Sutherland; Oxytropis halleri at the Bay
of Farr, Armadale and Invernaver; Primula scotica on pastures by the sea
at Bighouse and Armadale Bays; Carex maritima, discovered at the mouth
of the Naver by Dr Hope, is on the sands between the Brora and Helmsdale
rivers; Draba incana on the heaths on the east coast at Wilkhouse Inn;
Mertensia maritima common on the coast of Sutherland’.

On a voyage round the coast of Scotland the Rev. John Fleming (1823) -
Professor of Natural History at St Andrews - called at Eriboll and noted
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Dryas octopetala, Phyllitis scolopendrium
and Sedum rosea while at Faraid Head were Coeloglossum viride, Listera
ovata, L. cordata and Thalictrum alpinum.

Dr Robert Graham (1826, 1828, 1833) — Professor of Botany at Edin-
burgh — on three expeditions added considerably to the Flora. In 1825 on
the summit of Foinaven were Luzula arcuata, Deschampsia alpina
(vivipara) and Cardaminopsis petraea growing on disjointed quartz. More
extensive explorations in 1827 and 1833 added Luzula arcuata, Poa alpina
and Deschampsia alpina on Ben More Assynt. On Ben Hope, Draba
norvegica, Salix reticulata (sparingly), Potentilla crantzi and Minuartra
rubella ‘of which I found a singie plant somewhere on Ben Hope in 1825,
but this season (1833) again in tolerable quantity on the point of one
cliff.’ At Koeldale he noted, ‘Dryas octopetala, Thalictrum alpinum, Primula
scotica and Glaux maritima growing in contact forming a group which can
be seen nowhere else in Britain’; Hpipactis atrorubens in abundance at
Koeldale and in Assynt on limestone rocks and in the latter place Sorbus
aria; Cladium mariscus near Badcall in a marsh, in large quantity but
flowering sparingly; Utricularia minor, much less common than U.
intermedia, with one colony in flower, in Assynt; Sarothamnus scoparius,
common in the east, occurs sparingly in the north in Strathnaver and one
patch at Borgie Bridge; Ulex europaeus, likewise common in the east
occurs all along the north coast.’ These expeditions are recalled by J. H.
Balfour (1865).

While the previous accounts stressed the rarer species, more compre-
hensive lists were recorded by H. C. Watson (1832) some ninety species
noted round Golspie and (1833) about two hundred and eighty species
from Farr, Tongue, Eriboll and the hills Bens Armine, Heil, Loyal and
Hope. Rare and local species observed were Fumaria capreolata and Draba
incana at Eriboll; Atriplex sabulosa, Conium maculatum and Eupatorium
cannabinum at Farr.

In their Guide to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, G. and P.
Anderson (1834) list plants that are to be seen at the various localities
which they describe.

Dr A. Murray (1836) of Aberdeen who had accompanied Dr Graham in
1827, produced The Northern Flora wherein are recorded all the known
Sutherland plants — six being further records.

In the New Statistical Account of Scotland (1845) many of the Parish

22

(J. B. Kenworthy)

Plate 3 Carex maritima Curved Sedge

y)

J.B Kenworth

(

Dwarf Cornel

1cum

lymenum suec

Plate 4 Chamaeperic

accounts give some botanical information. This varies considerably
according to the botanical knowledge of the compiler. There is an excellent
description of the Flora of Durness by Dr Graham (1845) while in that of
the parish of Tongue by H. M. McKenzie (1845) we learn of changes that
are taking place. Woods have been planted with ash, beech, elm, lime,
plane, larch, spruce and scots pine. Whin and broom he records as intro-
ductions. Plants such as Lamium album and Silene vulgaris probably also
introduced at this time are not present now. Likewise in the parish of Loth
at the Ord (since transferred to Kildonan) D. Ross notes Primula scotica,
Mertensia maritima and Vaccinium oxycoccus none of which are present
now.

While most botanists confined their attention mainly to flowering plants,
W. (1857) in a wide tour of the county listed the vascular cryptogams
which he observed, many being additional species. In 1883 the second
edition of Topographical Botany was published and from this the number
of species recorded can be seen (Table 1). It is interesting to note that the
mountainous western areas (v.c. 108) had received more attention than
the more accessible eastern region (v.c. 107). During the next 20 years all
of the several botanists who visited Sutherland added many new records
besides extending the distribution of known species.

James Grant of Wick collected extensively around Golspie and in Strath
Halladale recording 120 new species (Bennett, 1882, 1889, 1893). Some of
the more exciting ones are from the woodlands near Golspie: Goodyera
repens, Pyrola minor, Linnaea borealis and Orthilia secunda. At the Mound
he noted Catabrosa aquatica and Apium inundatum which were not re-
discovered until recently (1962); on the sea-shore Asplenium marinum,
Valeriana olitoria and Zostera marina, species now extinct in this area;
casual species likewise extinct are Matricaria recutita, Verbascum thapsus
and Chenopodium bonus-henricus.

W. F. Miller (1890) collected in the north of Scotland, while at Lairg
some forty new species were obtained (Bennett, 1882).

Archibald Gray and L. Whinxman (1888) traversed the county in 1886
from Inverkirkaig in the west to Torrisdale in the north, described the
terrain and among their collection were seventy-four species new to
v.c. 108 (Bennett, 1889). A most notable discovery was Arenaria norvegica
on the hills about Inchnadamph and on river shingle at the low elevation
of 400 ft.

The Alpine Botanical Club visited Sutherland about the same time and
recorded comprehensive lists (Craig, 1889) of plants from Ben Loyal, Ben
Hope, Invershin, Tongue and Farr.

¥. J. Hanbury made several excursions to Sutherland with H. E. Fox
(1885 and 1886), with EK. 8. Marshall (Hanbury, 1887 and Marshall, 1891)
and with J. Cosmo Melvill (Hanbury, 1889). Many critical species were
recorded from Melvich, Bettyhill and Durness. Along with Marshall he
first noted in Sutherland the species of Cochlearia later named scotica. A

23

special interest of his was the genus Hzeraciwm in which he named many
new species several of which occur in Sutherland.

The Rev. E. 8. Marshall spent a considerable time in the Highlands of
Scotland over a long period (1888-1916). His many visits to Sutherland
are described (1891, 19801, 1916) and along with W. A. Shoolbred (Marshall,
1897, 1898, 1909). These accounts and his extensive herbarium make a
valuable contribution to the Flora of this large county. Like Hanbury he
was interested in the genus Hieracium.

The northern forms of Huphrasia were another of his interests and a new
species £. marshallii was named in his honour. With W. A. Shoolbred
(Marshall, 1897) he discovered Carex chordorrhiza in a bog beside Loch
Naver — its only locality in Britain.

G. C. Druce the author of several county floras visited Sutherland on
many occasions, on three of which he wrote accounts: a visit to the lime-
stone area at Knockan (1895), to Golspie and Invershin (1903) and in the
north (1908). On these and later visits he added many additional records.

From Table | it will be seen that few additions were made between the
appearances of the first (1905) and second (1929) supplements to Topo-
graphical Botany. During this period Crampton (1913) contributed an
ecological account of the flora on Ben Armine. This contrasts with the
more usual lists of species of former papers.

TABLE 1. To show number of species recorded.

East West County
Sutherland Sutherland of
v.c. 107 v.c. 108 Sutherland
Topographical Botany 1883 191 307 391
Ist Supplement added 1903 255 167 177
Total 446 474 568
2nd Supplement added 1925 33 34 37
Total 479 508 605
Comital Flora 1932 541 613 676
Present 1966 733 773 883

The Comital Flora (Druce, 1932) shows a great increase in the number
of species recorded from the second supplement. This is in part due to
variation in the concept of the species and to the recording of introduced
species as well as further records.

The next account of Sutherland plants was by Wilmott and Campbell
(1944) who collected in the hitherto little-worked district round Lochinver.
Of the several new records, Catapodium marinum, Diplotaxis muralis,
Cephalanthera longifolia, Lythrum salicaria, Oenanthe crocata, Potamogeton
berchtoldit and Sisymbrium altissimum have their only Sutherland locations
in this area.

24

In the more recent papers stress is laid on ecological factors. An area
modified by blown sands is the plateau to the west of the estuary of the
River Naver. This was explored by McVean and Berrie (1952) who recount
the flora with special reference to the species of Hmpetrum.

At Inchnadamph, Raven (1952) made a notable re-discovery of the rare
Agropyron donianum which species had previously been found by E. S.
Marshall but its true identity had not been determined. The rich limestone
flora of this area is more fully described by this author (1959).

There are extensive tracts of bog in Sutherland. Pearsall (1956) has
described the structure of a blanket bog in the valley of the Strathy river
and noted the plants typical of each area.

Foinaven — a mountain in the north-west — was visited by Blake (1959)
who described the typical flora to be found in the high exposed ridges
composed of Cambrian quartzite and Lewisian gneiss. This consists of
Cherleria sedoides, Armeria maritima, Silene acaulis, all cushion plants,
along with Cardaminopsis petraea, Salix herbacea, Festuca vivipara and
Juncus trifidus.

The rich flora of Ben Hope was examined by Ferriera (1957, 1958, 1959)
who showed that the basiphilous species are confined to a narrow band of
hornblende schists on the western side of the hill. Elsewhere in the arid
rocks of which the mountain is mainly composed, the flora is poor in
species and similar to that found on Ben Loyal.

Of special interest are the discoveries of Ratcliffe on Meall Horn (1958),
a mountain in the Reay Forest, where he observed Saaifraga nivalis and
on Ben More Assynt (1960), a further locality for Saxifraga nivalis with
amongst other species Deschampsia alpina, Draba rupestris, Carex saxatilis,
Juncus biglumis, J. castaneus and Poa alpina. In 1962 in the south-east of
the county he records Potentilla rupestris — a species not previously noted
in Scotland.

During the past decade — as a result of the advent of the Map Scheme —
the activities of many botanists have added some 200 additional species
to the total recorded in the Comital Flora (Table 1).

25

Vegetation of Sutherland

Peculiarities of the Sutherland flora associated with individual parishes are
mentioned in the relevant section of the flora (p. 13). In this section a
synopsis of the general vegetation classification is included because in
many cases these vegetation types are widespread and not specifically
considered under each parish description. The most comprehensive
vegetation classification is that of McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) in Plant
Communities of the Scottish Highlands and this account is based largely
upon the criteria they accept in their classification. The main feature of
their classification system is life-form, ranging from forests through heaths
to moss heaths. In most instances this agrees with a classification based
upon altitudinal zonation: large trees giving way to heaths at higher
altitudes and at the highest altitudes dwarf heaths or mossy heaths. This
relationship, of vegetation types having specific altitudinal zones, holds
for most of Scotland but in the north and north-west, i.e. Sutherland, these
zones are compressed and the general altitudinal limits lowered very
considerably. Thus species which normally are confined, in central Scotland,
to altitudes above 2000 ft are found at sea-level in Sutherland. Species
such as Dryas octopetala, mountain avens, Sazxifraga oppositifolia, the
purple mountain saxifrage and Hmpetrum hermaphroditum, are all found
within 300 ft of sea-level at Invernaver. Such are the vagaries of climate
in Sutherland that only 10 miles away on Ben Loyal the tree line reaches
1000 ft. It is apparent that the life-form of plants in any one area reflects
the general environmental status and does not follow a strict altitudinal
zonation for this county.

The vegetation of Sutherland can be classified under eight major head-
ings. The most obvious of these being forest and scrub. Natural ashwoods
are entirely absent from Sutherland although on some of the base rich
soils the ground flora of hazel scrub shows a remarkable similarity with
that of ash woods further south. Native pinewood with its ground flora of
Vaccinium or Vaccinium plus Calluna is absent from Sutherland although
there are pinewoods especially in the south-east of the county which show
typical species associated with pinewoods. Steven and Carlisle (1959)
comment on the two pinewood sites in Sutherland which might be
considered as native. The first, on the islands and shores of Loch Assynt,
while on areas which would not be amenable to planting, are of even age,
about 100 years old and pine is not mentioned in the area in the statistical
accounts. This view is confirmed by John Home’s survey of Assynt (1775)
in which a very detailed catalogue of all the woods in the parish of Assynt

26

does not include pine. Secondly in the parish of Creich, on the north of
Strath Oykell is a stand over 150 years in age which is considered to be a
survivor of eighteenth-century plantings.

The oak and birch woodlands of Sutherland are very similar in their
ground flora and it appears that birch now occupies much of the low-lying
valleys previously occupied by oak. Place names may give an indication
of former oakwoods: there is a Baddidarach (Gaelic, Darach — oak) both
at Lochinver and near Scourie, and there is evidence of oak woodlands
along the west coast and in the south east of the county. In the early
eighteenth century oak bark was a valuable commodity in the area, priced
at £15 per ton from woodland at Creich. Spinningdale oakwood, Creich is
now scheduled as a site of scientific interest even though many of the trees
appear to be approximately 130 years old (Pennie, 1966). Oak can replace
birch as the dominant species up to 500 ft in the west with little or no
change in the ground flora. Where oaks do survive, the associated shrub
layer of holly, bird cherry and hazel is generally absent and therefore the
oak woods in Sutherland do not appear as a distinct vegetation unit.

Of the woodlands to be found in Sutherland, birchwood is the most
frequent ranging from the mature woodland of Drumbeg, Assynt to
isolated groups of trees on the central plateau. McVean (1964) recognises
two woodland types; the Vaccinium-rich birchwoods and the herb-rich
birchwoods. The former is recognised by the presence of Vaccinium
myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum and Deschampsia flexuosa; the latter by
the presence of Thelypteris oreopteris and a dominance of grass species
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis tenuis. The birchwoods of the north and _ ,
west have bryophytes as the main component of their ground flora. On
low lying glacial drift with deep soils the herb-rich communities dominate
the woodland floor, but at higher altitudes, and where boulders form the
substrate, there is a luxuriant growth of many moss species. McVean (1964)
lists twenty-six species from a birchwood at Loch Stack of which twelve
are bryophytes. McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) referring to the same general
area record the presence of sixteen tree and herb species and thirty-one
bryophyte species. Many of these birchwoods appear moribund, with an
even age structure and little sign of regeneration.

Other tree species particularly alder and rowan occur as single species
stands though only in small areas and infrequently. Alder woodland in an
open moribund state occurs at Loch Choire and McVean and Ratcliffe
suggest this might be a relic of former climatic fluctuation.

Above the treeline and in places of extreme exposure sub-alpine scrub
replaces woodland. In Sutherland juniper scrub is found on some islands
in lochs as well as exposed situations. The juniper is normally dwarf
Juniper, Juniperus communis ssp. nana, and is associated with lichens or
bryophytes forming specialised communities at sites on Conamheall, Loch
Eriboll, Foinaven and Arkle in the Reay Forest, and Farrmheall, Parphe.
Mountain willow scrub is infrequent although the Salix myrsinites scrub

27

of Inchnadamph is worth special note, being restricted to limestone pave-
ment. Sahiz aurita and S. atrocinerea are the common species occurring in
isolated patches on rock ledges and are in many cases severely wind
pruned, as by the road at Coldbackie.

Dwarf shrub heath is a widespread vegetation type in the county. In a
map compiled for Beekeepers by Wittles (1950), 60-70 per cent of Suther-
land is shown as areas of dwarf shrub heath and the dominant species of
this heath is Calluna vulgaris. Much of the heath is anthropogenic in origin,
a living monument to man’s destructive powers. Dwarf shrubs are usually
characteristic of the low alpine zone, but with the retreat of the tree line
in Sutherland they have spread to cover large areas.

The dry heather moor centred upon the central highlands of Scotland
and dominated by Calluna vulgaris is not extensive in Sutherland. It is
found only in the south and east of the county to any great degree and
occurs in the north and west only on particularly well drained soils. At
low altitudes Erica cinerea, Empetrum nigrum and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
are species commonly associated with Calluna; at high altitudes Vaccinium
spp, Empetrum hermaphroditum and Arctous alpinus form associations. In
addition at high altitudes Calluna vulgaris becomes dwarfed forming a
dense mat of prostrate plants only a few inches in height. In central
Scotland this peculiar heath form occurs at elevations above 3000 ft
whereas in Sutherland it is found in the Reay Forest at the 1000 ft
contour and in the extreme north of Caithness, Dunnet Head, as little as
300 ft above sea level. In general a line drawn south from Whiten Head
marks the distributional limits of the lichen-rich dwarf heaths to the east
and the Rhacomiirium-rich dwarf heaths to the west. In many areas
throughout the north Arctous alpinus and Calluna form an association rich
in species.

One dwarf shrub heath of particular interest in Sutherland is the Dryas
heath. Although rare and fragmentary in Scotland, Sutherland has some
of the finest Dryas heath in Britain. This heath is quite different to those
mentioned previously in two important respects. Firstly, Dryas heaths
are extremely rich in species; McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) report 215
different species from twenty lists made on Dryas heaths. Secondly, Dryas
is found in areas where the calcium content of the soil is high. Whereas
most of the Calluna heaths have soil pHs down to 3-5, Dryas heaths are
alkaline and have free calcium carbonate in the soil. This situation results
from the Durness limestone in the west and from calcareous shell sands
along the coast of Sutherland. In Sutherland this heath occurs from sea-
level at Invernaver, Bettyhill, to 1700 ft in the foothills of Ben More
Assynt; further south in Scotland it reaches 3000 ft in Glen Clova. It is
clear that the communities associated with Dryas in the north are quite
different from those further south. Using data in addition to those of
McVean and Ratcliffe (1962), these Dryas communities can be divided into
three distinct types (Kenworthy, 1969); a Dryas-Carex flacca nodum

28

occurs at low elevations below 300 ft, a Dryas-Carex rupestris nodum over
a range from 200-2500 ft and a Dryas-Salix reticulata nodum at the
highest altitudes. Although the Dryas communities at Invernaver are very
variable and have co-dominants ranging from the dwarf shrubs Sali
repens and Hmpetrum nigrum to bracken their association of species
separates them from the other Dryas heaths. It would appear that this
association of species dominated by Dryas is a unique vegetation unit
dependent upon its coastal and altitudinal affinities.

Although Calluna vulgaris is a recurring species in the dwarf shrub
heaths of Sutherland it is also a constant feature of many vegetation types
which may be classified as wet heaths or blanket bog. Dwarf shrub heaths
merge into blanket bogs wherever there is restricted drainage or a water
table permanently close to the surface, and this applies to a large part of
the area dominated by Calluna. Up to an altitude of 1500 ft Trichophorum-
Eriophorum bog is predominant forming a typical ‘hummock and hollow’
type vegetation in which Sphagnum spp. play an important part in the
process of peat accumulation. In these wetter areas Hrica tetralix replaces
Erica cinerea. Many insectivorous plants, such as Drosera anglica,
Pinguicula vulgaris, P. lusitanica and Utricularia minor are found. Above
1500 ft Calluna-Eriophorum bog dominates the landscape and in many cases,
north and south of Ben Loyal, by Crask Inn and at Strathy Bog, contains
appreciable amounts of Betula nana. Also common are Arctous alpinus
and Rubus chamaemorus. Where soils are shallow T'richophorum-Calluna
bog is found, especially on ground with slopes over 10°. This vegetation
type is species-poor and occurs in the western region, containing a higher
proportion of lichens than previous types. There are more subtle variations
upon this theme of vegetation based upon stagnant water which are not
mentioned here but it is worth pointing out that these vegetation types
depend almost entirely upon nutrition from rain water. Where bogs have
been affected by fire drying out may take place and lead to the spread of
Rhacomitrium. McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) point to an excellent example
on the south-east end of Loch Meadie.

Soligenous mires are variants of the wetter moorland types but are
grouped together on the criteria of lateral water movement through the
soil, tending, in many cases, to give a richer soil and a larger number of
species. They are to be found on the lower slopes of hills where lateral
drainage is good. Molinia caerulea, Myrica gale and Carex spp. all form
mire type vegetation together with Trichophorum, Eriophorum and Calluna.
Closely associated with mires are springs and flushes, sites where there is a
strong water flow, sufficient to prevent the development of closed vegeta-
tion. The moss Cratoneuron commutatum is a distinctive feature of flushes
which are calcareous. Large patches of this rusty-golden moss often
associated with Saxifraga aizoides can be seen from a distance against the
surrounding moorland. Examples occur on the south side of Coldbackie
Hill resulting from drainage water from the rich conglomerates. Saxifraga

29

aizoides also occurs in calcareous flushes with Carex spp. particularly Carex
panicea and C. demissa in many parts of Sutherland; Ben Stack, Glendhu,
Kylesku, and on the calcareous sands at Bettyhill. In contrast acid flushes
give rise to species poor vegetation dominated by Narthecium ossifragum,
Sphagnum spp. and the mosses Philonotis fontana and Pohlia gracilis.

Grassland is not extensive in Sutherland except where vegetation has
been intensively grazed in the south-east, the west and northern coastal
fringe and along the west of the Moine Thrust. In a general sense there
are three major types of which the first Agrostis- Festuca grassland, the most
widespread, is confined to lower altitudes. This ranges from species-rich
communities on soils of high base status to species-poor communities on
soils of low base status. The richer types include many herbs and other
grasses such as Anthoxanthum odoratum, while at the acidic end of the
range the grass Nardus stricta and fewer herbs occur. At high altitudes the
Agrostis- Festuca grassland gives way to species-poor grassland dominated
by mat grass Nardus stricta which occurs on soils of pH 4:2-5-5. Under
wetter conditions Deschampsia caespitosa becomes the dominant grass.
Included in this section are montane grass heaths usually found at the
highest altitudes, unaffected by the influence of man. In Sutherland these
communities are found on the highest hills and are characteristically grass
and moss mixtures, or sedges and moss. For example, a widespread type is
Nardus-Rhacomirium on areas with a long snow lie, generally associated
with Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex bigelowii and the lichens Cetraria islandica
and Cladonia uncialis. Of those montane grass heaths based upon the
presence of Juncus trifidus, the Juncus trifidus — Festuca ovina type occupies
much of exposed sites on mountains. The summit plateau of Ben Hope
has a good example of this vegetation in which Salix herbacea and
Alchemilla alpina are constants.

The two remaining units of vegetation are the herb and fern meadow
and moss heaths, the latter being only slightly different from the montane
grass heaths mentioned previously. Natural herb meadow is rare in
Sutherland since grazing is so extensive, but it is recorded from Ben More
Assynt and Meall Horn. Of a wide variety of herbs associated with this
vegetation Luzula sylvatica, Angelica sylvestris, Geum rivale and Sedum
rosea are constant components of the community. This vegetation is found
on steep slopes where access to grazing animals is restricted. A dwarf herb
meadow is to be found on Ben More Assynt dominated by Alchemilla
alpina and Sibbaldia procumbens and containing Silene acaulis, Thymus
drucei and Polytrichum alpinum.

In addition to the major vegetation types described by McVean and
Ratcliffe maritime and submaritime communities are found along the coasts
of Sutherland. These plant communities have been described in some
detail by Gimingham (1964). Sutherland has a very extensive coastline
including cliffs, shingle, sandy foreshores, dunes and saltmarsh. In these
habitats sodium chloride from seawater or salt spray has a dominating

30

effect upon the vegetation, except in certain dune systems where calcium
carbonate from shell sand seems to be an overriding feature of the environ-
ment. Exposed cliffs harbour a large variety of lichens and dense swards
of Planiago maritima or Armeria maritima. Also Tripleurospermum
maritimum and Ligusticum scoticum are prominent species along the cliffs.
On the cliff tops a grassland dominated by Festuca rubra is found some-
times associated with Salix repens, Empetrum nigrum or other prostrate
shrubs where soil conditions are a little more acid. Many cliffs in northern
Sutherland have both Primula scotica and Scilla verna as components of
their vegetation. Where colonies of birds disturb the cliff top vegetation
the area may be invaded by ruderal species. Shingle beaches are not
extensive in Sutherland; Mertensia maritima being a most spectacular
species associated with such areas. Foreshore plants seldom if ever occur
in densities sufficient to produce a closed community, especially on the
northern exposed beaches where communities containing Salsola kali,
Cakile maritima, Atriplex hastata and other Atriplex spp. are reduced to
a single representative, Honkenya peploides as on exposed beaches at
Bettyhill.

Sand dunes are perhaps the most obvious feature of coastal vegetation.
Due to their continuous state of flux they represent a range of habitats too
large to be discussed here. However, the ‘species richness’ of a sand dune
system depends to a large extent upon the chemical composition of the
underlying sand. Sand derived from shell fragments has two effects. This
more alkaline sand allows invasion by a wider spectrum of species and
secondly the influence of such sand spreads further inland giving a greater
area for colonisation. Whatever the nutrient status of the sand, Marram
grass, Ammophila arenaria, is the dominant species in the first phases of
dune formation giving rise to dune pasture and/or dune heath of some
description. Due to high winds in this area most of the dune systems are
in a clearly dynamic state. There are few good salt marshes in Sutherland.
They are found as isolated patches at the head of the Kyles or sea lochs.
Characteristic species are Armeria maritima, Glaua maritima, Puccinellia
maritima and Plantago maritima: Cochlearia officinalis occurs sporadically
but is important in many communities.

ol

Notes on the Fungal Flora of Sutherland
by Roy Watling, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh

The fungal flora of Sutherland is poorly known, there being few published
records (see Mycologia scotica, Rev. J. Stevenson, 1879) until Dennis
reported on the larger fungi of the north-west Highlands of Scotland
(Kew Bulletin, 1955). Dennis’ paper compiles his records from Tongue
and adjacent areas and with a few collections made by Henderson in the
south-west corner of the county; little more was added until recently
when collecting and recording has been extended along the line Cape
Wrath/Duncansby Head by Watling. Sutherland is of considerable
interest to the mycologist for within its boundaries one can study the fungi
of northern examples of British Highland birchwood and herbaceous
communities on acidic and limestone outcrops. Bettyhill is an extremely
fine centre for the study of the higher fungi, particularly with its close
proximity to the Strathnaver area.

The list of fungi recorded for Sutherland is in some ways little different
from that of areas further south, mainly because it includes a large number
of species which have been recorded by virtue of their association with the
numerous plantings of ‘alien’ trees. It is the details of the species list and
their interpretation which are of the greatest interest. However, the
introduced fungal flora can indicate trends and in some cases is of particular
merit. Thus Borgie forest although being a fairly mature forest is of known
and comparatively recent age and therefore most if not all the members of |
the rich fungal flora (over 100 species can be collected within the space of
a 2 hour period) have colonised since that date. The woods about Tongue
House and similar established properties have even richer floras reflecting
the diversity of substrata available for colonisation.

In contrast the moorlands offer very little, the dominant species being
Omphalina ericetorum; the active Sphagnum areas, however, are colonised
by a rather specialised and characteristic group of about a dozen species of
agaric, the three most common being Galerina paludosa, G. sphagnorum
and Hypholoma elongatum. The moorlands, where dissected by small
wooded gulleys, are enriched by agarics suspected as mycorrhizal with the
birches, e.g. Russula spp. The formerly much wider distribution of this
woodland is indicated by the occurrence of agarics such as Nolanea
cetrata and Galerina spp. on the slopes of Ben Loyal and neighbouring
highlands. On the summits Omphalina luteovitellina has been recorded, a
typical mountain fungus associated with the lichen Botrydina vulgaris.

The coastal sand-dunes offer a whole range of very characteristic species

32

including Conocybe dunensis (dune brown cone-cap ), Psathyrellaammophila
(dune brittle-cap) and Hygrophorus conicoides. Less common species have
also been collected associated with the organic crusts and Collema spp.
found amongst the Ammophila plants. Undoubtedly in certain areas of
the dunes as in other communities mammal dung modifies the fungal flora,
i.e. colonisation by Stropharia semiglobata, Panaeolus semiovatus, etc. The
coastal grasslands particularly on fixed sand are characterised by several
edible species of Agaricus including species clearly related to both the field
and horse mushrooms and by the equally edible large puff balls, e.g.
Calvatia utriformis.

Where the latter grasslands extend to the cliff tops Salix repens invades
the turf and although parallel communities are found in many other areas
those in Sutherland are particularly rich. These communities within easy
reach of Bettyhill, particularly Farr Bay, have been intensively collected
over several weeks for several seasons. They are typified by Russula spp.
(R. persicina, R. fragilis) and Lactarius spp. (L. lacunarum, L. hysginus)
Leccinum salicola, Cortinarius pseudosalor agg., Amanita spp. (A. rubescens,
undescribed species) etc. a mycorrhizal group of larger fungi and a
probably saprophytic group including Cantharellus cibarius, a phenomenon
just as one experiences in a ‘normal’ woodland. Grassland fungi are also
intermixed in the community, e.g. Marasmius oreades (fairy ring cham-
pignon ), Calocybe carnea and Entoloma madidum.

Undoubtedly the most interesting communities of ail in Sutherland are
those in the Strathnaver reserve. With its vast assemblage of flowering
plants, a parallel and equally uniqye assemblage of higher fungi is found.
Boletus luridus is a constant member of the Dryas/Salix repens nodum
whereas it normally is associated elsewhere in Britain with oak woodland
on base rich soils. The genera Hebeloma and Inocybe are represented by a
vast assemblage of species, many of which have still to be determined
because of the complexities of taxonomy; however, they are an important
integral part of the flora. Even where only a few remaining plants exist the
former presence of birch wood on the northern parts of the reserve is
reflected by the sudden appearance in the area of woodland fungi, e.g.
Lactarius torminosus. The Salix repens communities at Bettyhill are under
careful observation by Watling and are being compared with similar
communities at Kindrogan, Perthshire, and on Hirta in the St Kilda group.
Very close parallelisms have been demonstrated and it is hoped this work
will be published in the near future.

The grassland communities are frequently on acidic substrates and are
fairly heavily grazed. Under these conditions the Hygrophoraceae play a
less important part among the fruiting flora than in base-rich grasslands
and are replaced by Rhodocybe popinalis, Entoloma prunuloides and EL.
radiatum and Lycoperdon foetidum (puff ball). In areas of high activity of
sea birds the fungal flora is very depauperate resembling in constituents
the area adjacent to zooplethismic grasslands on St Kilda.

33

The Influence of Man in Sutherland

The more one examines evidence from Sutherland the more it becomes
apparent that Fraser Darling and Morton Boyd in Natural History of the
Highlands and Islands (1964) are wrong in their assertion that ‘it is
possible that such areas as West Sutherland and the North West corner
of Ross-shire did not know man until two or three thousand years ago’. If
we accept the evidence of Callander, Cree and Ritchie (1927) that the
bone caves at Allt nan Uamh had human occupants prior to the final valley
glaciation it is evident that man was in this area eight to ten thousand
years ago. Bones of Arctic animals were found, split for the extraction of
marrow, sawn antlers of reindeer, stones burned by a fire and charcoal.
No traces of domestic animals were found and it appears that man’s first
excursion into Sutherland was as Neolithic man, the hunter.

With an improving climate there is evidence of domesticated animals.
in the Neolithic chambered cairn at Embo excavated in 1960 (Henshall,
1965) where the bones of pig, sheep and small ox were found. This invasion
by Mediterranean man brought with it from the ‘golden crescent’ of
Europe cultivated crops and a more permanent culture. Several factors
influenced the settlement pattern in the area. Firstly, accessibility is
important and even a cursory examination shows the settlement patterns
of many ages to stem largely from the coast following the sheltered straths,
with their glacial soils, or to be confined to areas with an adequately
amenable geology, for example, sandstones and limestones, which are easily
weathered.

Little is known of these stone age peoples who buried their dead in
chambered cairns. Most cairns have been pillaged in the past and little
evidence of the culture remains. Neolithic peoples were gradually replaced
by ‘Beaker People’ who buried their dead in short ‘cists’ or stone coffins.
These coffins contained a food vessel or beaker in which have been found
early cultivars. Hut circles, the remains of dwellings, seem to be the home
of such people and of later bronze age settlers. That changes in the vegeta-
tion of Sutherland occurred during this period is evident from pollen
analysis of deep peats and the remains of plants and animals associated
with chambered cairns. Both the stumps of pine found in peat and bones.
of capercallie associated with cairns indicate extensive coniferous forests.
Removal of the forest is evident from charcoal remains of conifers, hazel
and birch together with small amounts of grain suggesting a primitive
cultivation of cleared ground.

Very little is known of the bronze age peoples and their effects upon

34

vegetation in Sutherland. It is known that these peoples who lived in an
age of standing stones and circles did have at least one distinction, they
cremated their dead and this at least suggests that they had some
reverence for fire and that they used it extensively. Thus the process of
removal of woodland may have continued in this period although there is
little evidence to suggest that in Sutherland the bronze age culture was
more extensive in its influence than previous cultures. It is also apparent
that the tools of the early Neolithic peoples were quite effective in clearing
woodland, as demonstrated in modern times in Denmark. There three men
cleared 600 square yards of silver birch forest in 4 hours with an authentic
axe head which had not been sharpened for four thousand years, demon-
strating the potential influence of early man on forests.

Approximately 400 B.c. marks the beginning of the iron age. Lasting
for some 500 years, this period includes the appearance of hill forts and the
less explicit brochs. The latter, round double-walled towers up to 40 ft in
height were places of refuge but there still remains much speculation about
these structures. 67 brochs are listed for Sutherland but others, how many
no one can guess, must have been destroyed with the passage of time.
These people, the ‘Caereni’ of Ptolemy’s map, were recognised by the
Romans as a pastoral race and such observations are borne out by the
presence of ox, sheep, goat and pig bones found associated with the
remains of this civilisation. There is also evidence at this time of large
herds of red deer. Iron used by these people required smelting and in turn
required the destruction of forest, especially oak and birch. Heaps of slag
indicating sites of early iron workings have been found in the immediate
vicinity of two brochs at Shinness, Lairg.

Thus industry, albeit on a small scale, introduced a new factor in the
destruction of forest. By this time the climate had changed to such an
extent that the forests of Britain were in decline and in most parts of
Sutherland removal of trees would be rapidly followed by the encroach-
ment of moorland. Man was using a resource which would not replace
itself. The scale of such impact is difficult to judge since, unlike other parts
of Britain, the written history of Sutherland is particularly sparse until
the seventeenth century. An inventory of ancient monuments (H.M.S.O.,
1910) lists: a heap of iron slag 30 ft across and 4 ft in height near Achin-
duich, Lairg; heaps of slag at Kinbrace, Loch Shin; and iron slag, burnt
wood plus charcoal 24in. thick at Skelpick, Bettyhill. Timothy Pont’s
map of Strath Navernia (1633) has the legend ‘Heir is yron oare’ on the
west of Strathnaver and at the south end of Ben Stumanadh. ‘Loch Isyre
or ye wrights loch’ refers on this map to Loch Syre. Gordon (1812) ina
work written in 1630 makes reference to the inhabitants of Sutherland who
‘made’ iron from iron ore. Sinclair, in the first Statistical Account (1793),
states of Assynt that ‘Iron mines were dug here of old... in different
places in this parish’. He also suggests that this was before the Scan-
dinavian invasions (c. A.D. 850). The hill above Kirkton Farm, Golspie, is

35

also referred to as the ‘Iron Hill’. Thus from Assynt, to Strathnaver, to the
east coast there is evidence of early iron workings and the destruction of
forests.

Later wood was used in kilns in the production of limestone. In the west,
particularly Assynt, there is documented evidence of tree felling for this
purpose whereas further east where trees by this time were scarce peat
was used in the kilns as at Strathy. Corn drying kilns are to be found in
many of the pre-clearance villages and good examples are still to be found
at Gruain Mor, Loch Naver and Rossal, Strathnaver. It is not clear
whether peat or timber was used in those kilns but presumably where
timber was available it was used. However, it can be assumed that over
the past two thousand years timber of any size was becoming difficult to
obtain. There is little evidence from peat profiles of pine in this period and
roof timbers of ‘bog oak’ (pine) were highly sought after by the pre-
clearance peoples in many parts of Sutherland. Apparently timbers lying
in the peat could be recognised on frosty mornings by the differential frost
patterns they formed.

So far emphasis has been put upon man’s increasing activity in destroy-
ing woodland and the parallel deteriorating climate. But man’s secondary
effect is associated with his pastoral and agricultural activities. The latter
were very much limited to the immediate surroundings of the village and
can be seen in the excellent examples of lazy beds at Rossal and other pre-
clearance villages. Grazing animals, especially sheep, goats and deer are
known to suppress the regeneration of natural forest and any extension of
their numbers by pastoral activities will cause a decrease in tree cover in
the area. The first threat of destruction to forests was from Neolithic
peoples who turned from hunting to domestication of grazing animals.
There has been a general pattern of change throughout Europe which was
undoubtedly followed in Sutherland. Closed forest with deer and swine
gave rise to an open forest with fewer swine, and deer and cattle increase.
This finally led to the virtual absence of trees and a predominance of
sheep, goats and to a lesser extent, cattle.

While the grazing associated with pre-clearance villages was un-
doubtedly of some considerable extent it did include a variety of grazing
animals, deer, cattle, ‘kerry’ sheep, goats and horses. Sinclair (1793) noted
that in Rogart ‘Some wretched vestiges of very considerable birchwoods
are to be seen in different parts; but the shoots from such of the old stocks
as have not decayed are annually cropped by cattle in the autumn and
winter; and such shoots as may survive to a second summer are sure to
be cut by the people to bind their cattle’. So the ‘Caereni’ or pre-clearance
peoples for thousands of years would have had some adverse effects upon
birch regeneration.

John Prebble in The Highland Clearances (1963) tells the fascinating
story of the change in land management throughout Sutherland in early
years of the eighteen hundreds and its disastrous sociological effects.

36

Whereas previously ‘kerry’ sheep and cattle were kept for a local market
the introduction of the long faced voracious Cheviot sheep meant an export
of mutton and wool to the south. Land which produced 2d. per acre under
cattle now produced twelve times that amount under sheep. Over a period
of 50 years the number of sheep in Sutherland built up to about 200,000
in 1857, remaining at approximately the same figure subsequently. Thus
the effect of sheep over the past 100 years has been a predominant one.

That sheep farming has affected vegetation is clear from several points
of view. These hardy sheep graze on the wet moorlands which cover a
large part of Sutherland and in order to maintain new growth the areas are
burnt. Fire reduces the possibility of natural tree regeneration. Where fire
and sheep are absent as on islands in lochs (Cam Loch, Ledmore, Loch
Beannach, Assynt, Loch Meadie and Loch Syre are good examples) rowan,
birch and in some places oak and pine are present. This is also true of steep
rock faces. In addition Pennie (1966) examined the age structure of birch
woods in Strath Carnaig, which became part of the Torboll farm grazings
in 1812. These birch woods are ageing, with no regeneration. The trees are
no younger than 40 years and most are 80 to more than 110 years old.
Grazing clearly causes a suppression of tree regeneration. He also quotes
the effects of sheep fencing on the shores of Loch Choire where natural
regeneration has occurred within the fenced areas.

Clearly man has influenced the vegetation of Sutherland both directly
and indirectly over a period of perhaps 5000 years. Apart from the planting
in the eighteenth century the present day plantings by the Forestry
Commission are the first signs of man’s attempts to replace some of the
tree cover he has helped to remove.

37

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4]

Reference List of Contributors

Records have been contributed by the following

Abell, R. B. R.B.A.
Anthony, J. JA.
Alexander, I. IA.
Blake, E. A. #.A.B.
Brown, J. J.B.
Campbell, M.S. M.S.C.
Campbell, W. H. W.H.C.
Cardue, J. W. J.W.C.
Carrol, J. J.C.

Clarke, C. B. C.B.C.
Craig, W. W.C.
Crawford, F. C. F.C.C.
Cryer, J. J.C.

Dandy, J. E. J.H.D.
Davis, P. H. P.H.D.
Druce, G. C. G.C.D.
Duncan, U. K. U.K.D.
Exell, A. W. A.W.E.
Ferreira, R. E. C. R.E.C.F.
Flannigan, B. BF.
Foggit, T. J. TSF.
Fox, H. E. HEF.
Goodway, K. M. K.M.G.
Gordon, G. G.G.
Graham, R. R.G.
Graham, R. A. R.A.G.
Grant, J. J.G.

Gray, A. A.G.

Hall, P. M. P.M.H.
Hanbury, F. J. F.S..
Harley, R. M. R.M.H.

Harrison, J. W. H-. J.W.H.-H.

Harrison, H. H-. H.H.-H.
Hedge, I. I...

Hood, J. JH

Hope, J. J.H.

Horn, G. G.H.
Johnston, G. GJ.
Kenneth, A. G. A.G.K.
Lancaster, C. R. C.R.L.
Large, K. D. K.D.L.
Tey, A. A.L.

Linton, E. F. HUFL.
Linton, W. R. W.R.L.
Lousley, J. E. J.H.L.

42

McClintock, D. D.McC.
Macnab, J. J.M.
Mackechnie, R. R.Mc.
Marler, P. P.M.

Marshall, E. 8S. H.S.M.
Meinertzhagen, R. RM.
Melvill, J. C. J.C.M.
Miller, W. F. W.F.M.
Milne-Redhead, H. H.M.-R.
Morrison, M. M.M.
Muirhead, C. W. C.W.M.
Oliver, D. D.O.

Palmer, R. C. RACaP.
Proctor, M. C. F. M.C.F.P.
Pugsley, H. W. H.W.P.
Ratcliffe, D. A. D.A.R.
Raven, J. E. J.E.R.
Ribbons, B. W. B.W.R.
Riddelsdell, H. A. H.A.R.
Ross, D. D.R.

Salmon, C. E. C.E.S.
Shoolbred, W. A. W.AS.
Sinclair, J. JS.

Slack, A. A.S.

Sprague, T. A. T.AS.
Stables, W. A. W.A.S.
Standen, R. RS.

Stirling, A. McG. A.McG.S.
Summerhayes, V. S. VSS.
Syme, J. JS.

Talbot, J. aff ls

Taylor, G. G.T.

Tobbit, J. olathe

Todd, W. A. W.A.T.
Tyacken, A. A.T.

Wallace, E. C. E.C.W.
Warburg, E. F. LLF.W.
Watson, H. C. ALC.W.
Webster, M. McC. M.McC.W.
West, C. C.W.

Wickens, G. E. G.H.W.
Williamson, R. H. R.H.W.
Wilmott, A. J. A.J.W.
Young, D. P. D.P.Y.

County Flora

The sequence of genera and the nomenclature of the species are as in the
List of British Vascular Plants (Dandy, 1958). The species name is
followed by the vice-county number or numbers in which the species has
been recorded. The common name follows that in the most recent publica-
tion on the subject English Names of Wild Flowers (Dony, Perring and
Rob, 1974) a B.S.B.I. publication. Where an English common name is not
common to Scotland the appropriate Scottish common name is given
together with that recommended by the B.S.B.I. An obvious example is
that of Harebell and Bluebell. All common names are to be found in Flora
of the British Isles (Clapham, Tutin and Warburg, 1962). The next line
gives the general habitat and the frequency of occurrence which is stated
under:

FREQUENCY No. of 10 km squares in which species is recorded

Veryrare 1-2
Rare 3-5
Occasional 6-12

Frequent 13-40
Common 41-64
Common, widespread 65 and over

The distribution is indicated by mentioning the name of every district in
which the species has been observed. The districts in the upper line are
those in v.c. 107, those in the lower line of v.c. 108. As an example, when
a species has been recorded from every district, its distribution is indicated
thus:

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

When a species has not so far been recorded from a district, the name of
that district is replaced by an , thus:

= St ae DORNOCH === — KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— == TONGUE ——

No further details of distribution are given except in the case of species
of restricted distribution. For these the localities in which they have been

43

observed are indicated along with the date and collector’s name. In such
genera as Hieracium and Rubus where there are a large number of species,
each with a very limited distribution, only those districts with localities
where that particular species has been recorded are mentioned, thus:

Hieracium anglicum Fries (107, 108)

Dornoch (Cambusmore )

Assynt (Knockan, Inchnadamph)

Casual and introduced species of limited distribution are treated likewise.

44

PTERIDOPHYTA
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium L.

L. selago L. (107, 108) Fir Clubmoss

On moors, heaths and rocky places on hills. Common in the north and
west. Descends to sea level on the north coast.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. inundatum L. (108) Marsh Clubmoss
In a bog. Very rare.

ASSYNT
Assynt (Canisp, 1905, G.C.D.) No recent record

L. annotinum L. (107) Interrupted Clubmoss
Stony places on hills. Very rare.
CREICH LAIRG

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1835, W.A.S.)
Lairg (Ben Hee, 1960, 1.H.)

L. clavatum L. (107, 108) Stag’s-horn or Common Clubmoss

On moors and heaths. Frequent.

a LAIRG ROGART — ——- — _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE ——

L. alpinum L. (107, 108) Alpine Clubmoss

On mountain moorlands. Frequent, mainly on western hills.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella Beauv.

S. selaginoides (L.) Link. (107, 108) Lesser Clubmoss

Damp mossy slopes and rock-ledges. Common.

CREICH. LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ISOETACEAE
Tsoetes L.

I. lacustris L. (107, 108) Common Quillwort
45

In lochans. Occasional.
CREICH
ASSYNT
Creich (Invershin)

Assynt (Stoer, Inchnadamph, Drumbeg)
Farr (Syre)

—= —— —= == KILDONAN
== === FARR

I. echinospora Durieu (108) Spring Quillwort
In lochans. Rare.

——- TONGUE FARR

ASSYNT
Assynt (Stoer, Ullapool)
Tongue (Talmine, Modsarie )
Farr (Syre)

EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum L.

E. hyemale L. (107, 108) Rough Horsetail or Dutch Rush

Wet places on hills. Very rare.

—=— —. —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT DURNESS —— ——

Kildonan (Loch na Clar, 1964, A.A.S.)

Assynt (Achmore, 1886, A.G.)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1958, at 1300 ft, R.E.C.F.)

E. variegatum Schleich ex Weber & Mohr (107, 108) Variegated
Horsetail

Wet banks on hills. Very rare.

CREICH
ASSYNT
Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1969, U.K.D.)

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1909, E.S.M.; Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.)

K. fluviatile L. (107, 108) Water Horsetail

In lochs, ponds and ditches. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. palustre L. (107, 108) Marsh Horsetail

In marshes and bogs. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. sylvaticum L. (107, 108) Wood Horsetail
46

Wet woodlands, banks and sandy places. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. pratense Ehrh. (107, 108) Shady Horsetail
On grassy banks. Rare.
—- LAIRG ROGART
ASSYNT
Lairg (Lairg, 1857, W.)

Rogart (Tressady, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Clyne ( Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Assynt (Drumbeg)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1970, R.W.M.C.)

—— CLYNE ——
DURNESS —— SRR TAT

K. arvense L. (107, 108) Field Horsetail

Waste places, fields, roadsides and dunes. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. x litorale Kiihlew ex Rupr. (107)
Clyne ( Brora, M.McC.W., 1957)

K. telmateia Ehrh. (107, 108) Great Horsetail
Muddy banks of streams. Rare.
ROGART

aaa CLYNE YT
TONGUE

Rogart ( Tressady, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Clyne ( Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Tongue ( Borgie, 1959, B. & T.)

OSMUNDACEAE
Osmunda L.

O. regalis L. (107, 108) Royal Fern
Boggy places in the north and west. Occasional.
LAIRG
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE ——
Lairg (Loch na-Caillach, 1870, F.S.F.)

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Hymenophyllum Sm.

H. wilsonii Hook. (107, 108) Wilson’s Filmy-fern
Wet rocks and woods in the west. Occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

47

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Pteridium Scop.

P. aquilinum (L.) Kiihn (107, 108) Bracken

Woods, banks, heaths and moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ADIANTACEAE
Cryptogramma R. Br.

C. crispa (L.) R. Br. ex Hook (108) Parsley Fern
Rocky places. Very rare.

ae — —— FARR
Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1956, E.F.W.)

BLECHNACEAE
Blechnum L.

B. spicant (L.) Roth (107, 108) Hard-fern

Woods, banks and rocky places on moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ASPLENIACEAE
Phyllitis Hill

P. scolopendrium (L.) Newm. (107, 108) Hart’s-tongue
Shady rock crevices. Occasional in the north and west, very rare in
the east.

—_- Ss ——. DORNOCH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, A.McG.S.)

Asplenium L.

A. adiantum-nigrum L. (107, 108) Black Spleenwort

Rocky places, banks and walls. Frequent.

LAIRG GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. marinum L. (107, 108) Sea Spleenwort
Sea-cliffs and caves on north and west coasts. Occasional. Extinct in east.

48

—— GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Golspie (Strathsteven, 1888, J.G., 1897, H.S.M.)

A. trichomanes L. (107, 108) Maidenhair Spleenwort

Rock-crevices and walls. Frequent in the west, scarce in the east.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. viride Huds. (107, 108) Green Spleenwort
On wet basic rocks. Occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. ruta-muraria L. (107, 108) Wall-rue

Walls and basic rocks. Occasional in the north and west, rare in east.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ATHYRIACEAE
Athyrium Roth

A. filix-femina (L.) Roth (107, 108) Lady Fern

Shady woods and banks. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands (107, 108) Alpine Lady Fern
Mountain screes. Rare.
CREICH

=o SS FARR
Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1891, E.S.M. & F.J.H.)
Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1887, E.S.M.)

Cystopteris Bernh.

C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. (107, 108) Brittle Bladder-fern

Basic rocks and walls. Frequent.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE -——— LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ASPIDIACEAE
Dryopteris Adans.

D. filix-mas (L.) Schott (107, 108) Male Fern
49

Woods and shady places. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. borreri Newm. (107, 108) Scaly or Golden-scaled Male Fern

Damp shady places in woods and amongst rocks. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. abbreviata (DC) Newm. (107, 108) Small Male Fern
Rocky places on hills. Rare.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS ©—— ee FARR

D. lanceolatocristata (Hoffm.) Alston (108) Narrow Buckler-fern
Moist woodlands. Occasional.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray (107, 108) Broad Buckler-fern

Shady places in woods and heaths. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. aemula ( Ait.) Kuntze (108) Hay-scented Buckler-fern
On rocks in Birchwoods. Very rare.

EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS ——— —
Eddrachillis (Loch Stack, 1963, D.A.R.)
Durness (Loch Eriboll, 1965, D.McC.)

D. assimilis S. Walker (107, 108)
On cliffs. Very rare.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —_—

Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1890, F.J.H., 1891, E.S.M.)

Assynt (Achmelvich, 1955, J.A.)

Eddrachillis ( Ben Stack, 1967, A.G.K.)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1966, A.G.K.: Foinaven, 1967, A.G.K.: Carnstackie,
1967, A.G.K.: Loch Eriboll, 1967, D.McC.)

Polystichum Roth

P. aculeatum (L.) Roth (107, 108) Hard Shield-fern
Shady places amongst rocks and in woods. Occasional.

50

—— ———— = DORNOCH —— —— == KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR

P. lonchitis (L.) Roth (107, 108) Holly Fern

Crevices in basic rocks. Occasional on limestone rocks.
CREICH
ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— FARR

[a KILDONAN

THELYPTERIDACEAE
Thelypteris Schmidel

T. oreopteris (Ehrh.) Slosson (107, 108) Lemon-scented or Mountain Fern
Moist places on heaths, banks and mountains. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

T. phegopteris (L.) Slosson (107, 108) Beech Fern

Moist rocks and in woods. Frequent in north and west, rare in east.
CREICH ROGART DORNOCH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

T. dryopteris (L.) Slosson (107, 108) Oak Fern

Screes and rocks on hills and woods. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

T. robertiana (Hoffm.) Slosson (108) Limestone Fern
Limestone screes. Rare.

ASSYNT
Assynt (Inchnadamph )

POLYPODIACEAE
Polypodium L.

P. vulgare L. (107, 108) Polypody

Woods, banks and walls. Common, widespread.

sub sp. vulgare

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. prionodes Rothm.
CREICH —— —— — _ KILDONAN
EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

51

MARSILEACEAE
Pilularia L.

P. globulifera L. (107) Pillwort
Creich (Invershin, 1834, R.G., Plentiful, 1840, W.H.C., Shin Bridge,
1893, A.B.)

Now extinct.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium Sw.

B. lunaria (L.) Sw. (107, 108) Moonwort
Pastures, dunes and moors. Frequent.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

— KILDONAN

Ophioglossum L.

O. vulgatum L. (108) Adder’s-tongue
Grassy places. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— Fae

SPERMATOPHYTA
GYMNOSPERMAE
PINACEAE

Pinus L.

P. sylvestris L. (107, 108) Scots Pine

Widely planted throughout the county.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

CUPRESSACEAE

Juniperus L.

J. communis L. (107, 108) Juniper

On heaths, dunes, moors, sea-cliffs, mountain rocks and woods.
Common. Very variable from gnarled prostrate plants to shrubs

4 ft high.

Includes

sub sp. communis, sub sp. nana and intermediate forms.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

52

ANGIOSPERMAE
DICOTYLEDONES
RANUNCULACEAE
Caltha L.

C. palustris L. (107, 108) Marsh Marigold

Marshes, ditches and banks of streams. Ascends to 2500 ft on Ben More.
Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. palustris. The Commoner form.
sub sp. minor ( Mill.) Clapham. Frequent in the north and on hills.
Trollius L.

T. europaeus L. (107, 108) Globe-flower

In damp pastures, fields and mountains. Common at sea-level in the
north and west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART oe CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Anemone L.

A. nemorosa L. (107, 108) Wood Anemone

Woodlands. Frequent in the south-east, local elsewhere.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR

Ranunculus L.

R. acris L. (107, 108) Meadow Buttercup

Meadows, fields and roadsides. Common, widespread. Ascends to 2500 ft.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS ©=—— TONGUE FARR

R. repens L. (107, 108) Creeping Buttercup

Fields and waste places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. bulbosus L. (107, 108) Bulbous Buttercup
Dry grassland and dunes. Occasional in sandy coastal areas in the
east and north.

53

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. auricomus L. (107) Goldilocks Buttercup
Woodlands. Very rare.

CREICH a aT CLYNE ——

Creich (Shin Falls, 1960, J.A.)
Clyne (Loch Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.)

R. flammula L. (107, 108) Lesser Spearwort

Marshes, ditches and lochans. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. sceleratus L. (107) Celery-leaved Buttercup
Muddy bank of stream. Very rare.
DORNOCH —— —_ —§ ——

Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1955, J.A.)

R. hederaceus L. (107, 108) Ivy-leaved Crowfoot

Muddy banks of ditches, ponds. Frequent.

ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — FARR

R. trichophyllus Chaix (108) Thread-leaved Water-crowfoot
sub sp. drouetii (Godr) Clapham
Lochans. Rare.

ASSYND DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. aquatilis L. (108) Common Water-crowfoot
Lochans. Rare.

DURNESS —— FARR

Durness ( Durness )
Farr (Melvich)

R. ficaria L. (107, 108) Lesser Celandine

sub sp. ficaria

Woods and shady banks. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

54

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

(J. B. Kenworthy)

Plate 5 Rubus chamaemorus Cloudberry

Thalictrum L.

T. alpinum L. (107, 108) Alpine Meadow-rue

Rocky slopes on hills. Frequent on western hills. At sea-level on north
coast.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART —— —— — — _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

T. minus L. (107, 108) Lesser Meadow-rue

On coastal dunes and limestone rocks. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. montanum Wallr. On limestone rocks.
Durness ( Durness, 1897, E.S.M., 1950, J.A.)
Tongue (Melness, 1900, E.S.M.)

sub sp. arenarium (Butcher) Clapham. On coastal dunes.

BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis L.

B. vulgaris L. (108) Barberry
Woods. Introduced.
Tongue ( Tongue).

NYMPHAEACEAE
Nymphaea L.

N. alba L. (107, 108) White Water-lily

In lochs and lochans. Frequent in the north and west, local in east.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART GOLSPIE CLYNE KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Nuphar Sm.

N. pumila (Timm) DC. (107) Least Water-lily
In a lochan. Very rare.
Rogart ( Little Rogart, 1960, M.McC.W. Only locality)

PAPAVERACEAE
Papaver L.

P. rhoeas L. (108) Common or Field Poppy
On railway track. Casual. Very rare.
Farr ( Forsinard )

55

P. dubium L. (107, 108) Long-headed Poppy

Roadsides and fields. Occasional in the east, rare in north.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. somniferum L. (107) Opium Poppy
Garden Escape.
CREICH

aT ae eareae —— —=—— KILDONAN

Creich (Bonar Bridge)
Kildonan (Kildonan)

Meconopsis Vig.

M. cambrica (L.) Vig. (107, 108) Welsh Poppy
Introduced.
CREICH
ASSYNT
Creich (Invershin)
Assynt (Inchnadamph )

Chelidonium L.

C. majus L. (107) Greater Celandine
Introduced.
Kildonan (Kildonan)

FUMARIACEAE
Corydalis Medic.

C. claviculata (L.) DC. (107, 108) Climbing Corydalis or White

Climbing Fumitory

Amongst rocks in woods and scrub. Occasional.

GOLSPIE CLYNE —— _ KILDONAN
DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ASSYNT
Golspie (Morvich)

Clyne (Gordonbush, Strath Brora)
Kildonan (Helmsdale )

Assynt (Elphin, Beannach)
Tongue ( Rhi-Tongue )

Farr (Grumore)

Fumaria L.

F. capreolata L. (108) White Ramping Fumitory
56

Fields. Very rare.

EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —
Eddrachillis (Kinlochbervie )
Durness (Eriboll)

F. bastardii Bor. (107, 108) Tall Ramping Fumitory
In cultivated fields. Very rare.

GOLSPIE —— ——
ASSYNT — — ——
Golspie (Golspie)

Assynt (Achmelvich )

F. muralis Sond. ex Koch (108) Common Ramping Fumitory

sub sp. boraei (Jord.) Pugsl. Fields. Rare

—e TONGUE © FARR
Tongue ( Tongue )
Farr ( Bettyhill)

F. officinalis L. (107, 108) Common Fumitory

Fields and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR~

CRUCIFERAE
Brassica L.

B. napus L. (107, 108) Rape

Fields. Introduced. Frequent in east, rare in west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT —- —— FARR

B. rapa L. (108) Wild Turnip
Fields. Introduced.
Assynt ( Lochinver )

Sinapis L.

S. arvensis L. (107, 108) Charlock

Fields. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. alba L. (107, 108) White Mustard

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

57

Fields. Introduced. Rare.
CREICH -

Setar GOLSPIE —— —- —.
Se TONGUE FARR

Creich (Invershin)
Golspie (Golspie )

Tongue ( Tongue)
Farr ( Bettyhill)

Diplotaxis DC.

D. muralis (L.) DC. (108) Annual Wall-rocket
Casual. Very rare.
Assynt ( Lochinver )

Raphanus L.

R. raphanistrum L. var. aureum Wilmott (107, 108) Wild Radish
Cultivated fields. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Crambe L.

C. maritima L. (107) Sea Kale

On foreshore at Dunrobin Gardens. Recorded in 1903 by G. C. Druce
with the note that it may be a domestic cabbage which was established
on the beach.

Cakile Mill.

C. maritima Scop. (107, 108) Sea Rocket
On sandy seashore. Occasional.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Lepidium L.

L. heterophyllum Benth (L. smithit Hook) (107) Smith’s Pepperwort or
Smith’s Cress
Roadsides and fields. Rare.

eed LAIRG ROGART == KILDONAN

L. latifolium L. (107) Dittander
Introduced. Recorded 1833 by H. C. Watson without locality.

58

Thlaspi L.

T. arvense L. (107) Field Penny-cress
Roadsides, waste places and fields on east coast. Rare.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN

Teesdalia R. Br.

T. nudicaulis (L.) R. Br. Shepherd’s Cress
In sandy places. Very rare.
ROGART DORNOCH —— —_—> ———-

Rogart ( Tressady, 1951, M.McC.W.)
Dornoch (Cuthill Sands, 1960, J.A.)

Capsella Medic.

C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. (107, 108) Shepherd’s-purse

Waste places, roadsides and fields. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Cochlearia L.

C. officinalis L. (107, 108) Common Scurvy-grass

Sea-cliffs, shingle shores and salt-marshes. Frequent.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. alpina ( Bab.) H. C. Wats. (107, 108) Alpine Scurvy-grass
Rock-ledges on mountains, rare.
CREICH

DURNESS TONGUE ——

Creich (Ben More Assynt)
Durness (Ben Hope)
Tongue (Ben Loyal)

C. scotica Druce (108) Scottish Scurvy-grass
Coastal rocks and shingle. Rare. On north and west coasts.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. danica L. (108) Danish Scurvy-grass
On sandy sea-shores. Rare.

59

DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Tongue (Kyle of Tongue)
Farr (Invernaver )

Subularia L.

S. aquatica L. (107, 108) Awlwort

Sandy margins of lochans. Occasional. Rare in the east.
DORNOCH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —
Dornoch (Loch Buidhe)

Lunaria L.

L. annua L. (107) Honesty
Garden escape.
Clyne ( Brora, 1949, W.A.T.)

Draba L.
D. norvegica Gunn. (107, 108) Rock Whitlow-grass

Rock-ledges on mountains. Very rare.
CREICH

DURNESS —— ——
Creich (Ben More, 1888, A.G.: 1959, D.A.R.)
Durness (Ben Hope, 1833, J.M.; Meall Horn, 1959, D.A.R.)

D. incana L. (107, 108) Hoary Whitlow-grass
Sandy turf by the sea and rock-ledges on mountains. Frequent.

CREICH —— DORNOCH GOLSPIE KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Erophila DC.

E. verna (L.) Chevall. (107, 108) Common or Spring Whitlow-grass

On dry banks, grassland and walls. Frequent in east, rare and near sea
in north and west.

CREICH —-- DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Cardamine L.

C. pratensis L. (107, 108) Cuckooflower or Lady’s Smock
In damp pastures. Common, widespread.

60

CREICH LAIRG ROGART. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. flexuosa With. (107, 108) Wavy Bitter-cress or Wood Bitter-cress

In moist shady places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. hirsuta L. (107, 108) Hairy Bitter-cress

Waste places, roadsides, walls. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Barbarea R. Br.

B. vulgaris (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Winter-cress or Yellow Rocket
Moist banks. Very rare.

ROGART —— —_- —=— er i
— FARR

Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, M.McC.W.)
Farr ( Altnaharra, 1885, F .J.H.)

Cardaminopsis (C. A. Mey) Hayek

C. petraea (L.) Hiit. (107, 108) Northern Rock-cress
Cliffs and quartz screes on hills. Rare.

=== — KILDONAN

DURNESS
Kildonan (Ben Griam Beg, 1962, A.McC.S.)
Durness ( Foinaven, summit, 1833, J.M., 1957, E.A.B.)

var. hispida DC.
Durness (Ben Hope, 1833, J.M., 1900; E.S.M., 1914, G.C.D.; 1959, J.A.)

Arabis L.

A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Hairy Rock-cress

On dunes, banks and basic rocks. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Rorippa Scop.

R. nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek (107, 108) Water-cress
In streams and ditches. Occasional.

61

CREICH LAIRG —— DORNOCH —— CLYNE —— ——=
== DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. microphylla (Boenn.) Hyland (107, 108) One-rowed Water-cress
In ditches. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
—== —= DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Hesperis L.

H. matronalis L. (107, 108) Dame’s Violet

Shady damp places. Garden escape. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— a —— -_-—

Alliaria Scop.

A. petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (107) Garlic Mustard or
Jack-by-the-Hedge

Roadsides. Rare.

CREICH

== DORNOCH —— = == KILDONAN

Sisymbrium L.

S. officinale (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Hedge Mustard
Waste places. Occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT

DORNOCH GOLSPIE
=— == FARR

LOTH KILDONAN

S. altissimum L. (108) Tall Rocket
Waste places. Casual. Very rare.
Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.)

Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynh.

A. thaliana (L.) Heynh. (107, 108) Thale Cress

Roadsides, waste places. Frequent in the east, very rare in west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT oe a FARR

Descurainia Webb & Berth

D. sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl. (107) Flixweed
Waste places. Very rare.

62

—— ——— — DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ew ae

Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1952, J.A.; Poles, 1960, J.A.)
Golspie (Golspie, 1898, H.S.M. & W.A.S.)

RESEDACEAE
Reseda L.

R. luteola L. (107) Weld or Dyer’s Rocket
On the railway bank. Casual.
Creich (Invershin, 1888, W.C.)

VIOLACEAE
Viola L.

V. riviniana Reichb. (107, 108) Common Dog-violet
On banks, heaths and woods. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. canina L. (107, 108) Heath Dog-violet

KILDONAN

On dunes, heaths and dry banks. Frequent in coastal areas in the north

and west.
iA. —
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. lutea Huds. (108) Mountain Pansy
On mountain grassland. Very rare.
ASSYNT — TONGUE ——
Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1886, A.G.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1888, W.C.)

V. tricolor L. (107, 108) Wild Pansy

sub sp. tricolor. Cultivated ground and waste places. Frequent.

sub sp. curtisii (Forst.) Syme. On dunes.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. arvensis Murr. (107, 108) Field Pansy
Cultivated fields. Occasional in east, rare in north and west.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

63

POLY GALACEAE
Polygala L.

P. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Common Milkwort

Dry, basic grassland and rocks. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. serpyllifolia Hose (107, 108) Heath Milkwort

Heaths and pastures. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

GUTTIFERAE
Hypericum L.

H. androsaemum L. (108) Tutsan
Introduced. Very rare.
Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.)

H. perforatum L. (107) Perforate or Common St John’s-wort
On banks. Very rare.
Kildonan (Kinbrace, 1882, J.G.)

H. maculatum Crantz (107) Imperforate St John’s-wort
sub sp. obtusiusculum (Tourlet ) Hayek

On banks. Introduced.

Lairg ( Lairg)

H. tetrapterum Fr. (107) Square-stalked St. John’s-wort
Moist banks. Rare.
ROGART —— — —_— - ——

H. pulchrum L. (107, 108) Slender St John’s Wort

Grassy places and heaths. Common, widespread..

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

CISTACEAE
Helianthemum Mill.

H. chamaecistus Mill. (107) Common Rockrose
On banks and rocks. Rare.

64

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

=== —— ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— ===

CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Silene L.

S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (107, 108) Bladder Campion
Cultivated ground. Rare.

— GOLSPIE —— LOTH ——
— — — — FARR

S. maritima With. (107, 108) Sea Campion

Shingle shores and cliffs. Frequent on north and west coast; local in east.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. acaulis (L.) Jacq. (107, 108) Moss Campion

Rock-ledges and cliffs on hills, on sea-cliffs, on west and north coasts.
Frequent.

CREICH —— —— — — —- — _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. dioica (L.) Clairv. (107, 108) Red Campion

Sea-cliffs, banks and woodland. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. alba ( Mill.) E. H. L. Krause (107, 108) White Campion

Fields, roadsides. Occasional.

LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Lychnis L.

L. flos-cuculi L. (107, 108) Ragged Robin

Marshes, common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——— LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Cerastium L.

C. arvense L. (107, 108) Field Mouse-ear

Sandy places. Occasional.

ROGART —— cae ——_ —— _ KILDONAN
—_—> —— —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

65

C. tomentosum L. (107) Snow-in-summer
Garden escape. i
Kildonan ( Kildonan)

C. alpinum L. (107, 108) Alpine Mouse-ear
Screes and ledges on mountains. Rare.
CREICH

— =» ——_ FKILDONAN
DURNESS TONGUE ——

Creich (Ben More, Rosehall)

Kildonan (Ben Griam Mor and Beg)

Durness ( Foinhaven, Ben Hope)

Tongue (Ben Loyal)

C. arcticum Lange (107) Arctic Mouse-ear
Rocks on mountains. Very rare.
CREICH

Creich (Conival, 1908, E.S.M. & F.J.H., 1959, D.A.R.)

C. holosteoides Fr. Common Mouse-ear

C. fontanum Baumg.

sub sp. trivale (Murb.) Jalas (107, 108)

Grassy places and waste ground. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. scoticum Jalas & P. D. Sell (108)
Farr (Strathy)

C. glomeratum Thuill. (107, 108) Sticky Mouse-ear

Roadsides and cultivated land. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. atrovirens Bab. (107, 108) Sea Mouse-ear or Dark- awe Mouse-ear
Sandy places near the sea. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. semidecandrum L. (107, 108) Little Mouse-ear

Dry sandy places near the sea. Rare.

CREICH GOLSPIE —— —— ——
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE ——

66

Stellaria L.

S. media (L.) Vill. (107, 108) Common Chickweed
Cultivated ground and waste places. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

FARR

S. pallida (Dumort.) Piré (107) Lesser Chickweed

Sandy ground by the sea. Rare.
GOLSPIE

Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1897, H.S.M., 1960, J.A.)

S. neglecta Weihe (108) Greater Chickweed
Shady places. Rare.

ASSYNT Scien se eas
Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, E.S.M.)
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1889, F.1.H., 1960, J.A.)

S. holostea L. (107, 108) Greater Stitchwort
Woodlands and scrub. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT.. —— DURNESS TONGUE

S. graminea L. (107, 108) Lesser Stitchwort
Grassy heaths and woodlands. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE

S. alsine Grimm (107, 108) Bog Stitchwort
Ditches, marshes, woodlands. Common.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

Sagina L.

S. apetala Ard. (107, 108) Annual Pearlwort
Bare places. Rare.

TONGUE

Clyne ( Balnacoil, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Tongue (Tongue, 1957, M.McC.W.)

S. ciliata Fr. (107) Fringed Pearlwort

FARR

CLYNE
FARR

CLYNE
FARR

CLYNE
FARR

CLYNE

LOTH

LOTH

LOTH

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

67

Bare ground. Very occasional.
LAIRG DORNOCH —— CLYNE —— KILDONAN

S. maritima Don (107, 108) Sea Pearlwort

Sea-cliffs and salt marshes. Very occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. procumbens L. (107, 108) Procumbent Pearlwort

Waste places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. saginoides (L.) Karst. (107, 108) Alpine Pearlwort

Cliff-ledges on mountains, sea-cliffs, bare gravelly places. From sea-level
to 2900 ft. Rare. :
Creich (Ben More, 1960, D.A.R.) x
Assynt (Stoer, 1959, J.A.)

Eddrachillis ( Eylestrome, 1964, J.A.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1888, W.C.)

Farr (Farr Bay, Swordly, Kirtomy, Strathnaver, Skelpick, 1960, J.A.)

S. subulata (Sw.) Presl. (107, 108) Heath or Awl-leaved Pearlwort
Dry sandy and gravelly places. At 2000 ft at Ben Hope. Frequent in the
north and west.

ROGART =—— == == KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. nodosa (L.) Fenzl (107, 108) Knotted Pearlwort

On wet sand and dunes by the sea. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— LOTH ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Minuartia L.

M. rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern (108) Mountain or Alpine Sandwort
Mountain cliffs. Very rare. Not seen for many years.
Durness (Ben Hope, 1833, R.G.)

Cherleria L.

C. sedoides L. (107, 108) Cyphel
On mountain screes to 2900 ft. Frequent on mountains in the north and
west. On Ben Griam in the east.

68

CREICH —— —— = Rae, ==
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

—E KILDONAN

Honkenya Ehrh.

H. peploides (L.) Ehrh. (107, 108) Sea Sandwort

On coastal sand and shingle. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Moehringia L.

M. trinervia (L.) Clairv. (107) Three-nerved Sandwort
In woodlands. Rare.
ROGART DORNOCH —— —$> Ss ———

Rogart ( Rogart )
Dornoch (Cambusmore )

Arenaria L.

A. serpyllifolia L. (107, 108) Thyme-leaved Sandwort

On bare ground, dunes and fields. Occasional.

sub sp. serpyllifolia

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. leptoclados (Reichb.) Nyman. Slender Sandwort

— == DURNESS TONGUE ——

A. norvegica Gunn. sub sp. norvegica (108) Arctic or Norwegian
Sandwort
Rocks on hills and river shingle. Very rare.

ASSYNT prio Beal ats fia Bi
Assynt (Inchnadamph)

Spergula L.

S. arvensis L. (107, 108) Corn Spurrey
Cultivated fields. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH -KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

69:

Spergularia (Pers) J. & C. Presl

S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl (107, 108) Sand Spurrey

Bare sandy and gravelly places. Occasional.

LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——
— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. media (L.) C. Presl (107, 108) Greater Sea-spurrey
Muddy places in salt-marshes. Very occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——
ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR

S. marina (L.) Griseb. (107, 108) Lesser Sea-spurrey

In salt-marshes. Rare.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——
ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR

ILLECEBRACEAE
Scleranthus L.

S. annuus L. (107) Annual Knawel
Sandy waste ground. Old record.
Golspie (Golspie, 1888, J.G.)

PORTULACACEAE
Montia L.

M. fontana L. sub sp. lamprosperma Cham. (107, 108) Blinks
In wet places, springs, ditches. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

M. perfoliata ( Willd.) Howell (107) Spring Beauty or Perfoliate Purslane

Cultivated ground. Rare.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ——

M. sibirica (L.) Howell (107, 108) Pink Purslane

By streams and on damp ground. Introduced. Occasional.
LAIRG GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
— a FARR

ASSYNT

CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodium L.

C. bonus-henricus L. (107) Good King Henry
Golspie (Golspie Tower, 1858, J.G.) Old Record.

70

KILDONAN

C. album L. (107, 108) Fat Hen

In cultivated ground and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. rubrum L. (108) Red Goosefoot
Assynt (Lochinver, 1886, A.G.) Old Record.

Atriplex L.

A. littoralis L. (107) Grass-leaved Orache or Shore Orache
Sea-shore. Rare.
—— DORNOCH —— —- so

Dornoch ( Ferrytown, 1960, J.A.)

A. patula L. (107, 108) Common Orache
Cultivated fields and waste places. Occasional.
LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

a KILDONAN

A. hastata L. (107, 108) Hastate Orache or Spear-leaved Orache.
Waste places. Occasional.

—= GOLSPIE
DURNESS TONGUE FARR

= KILDONAN

ASSYNT

A. glabriuscula Edmondst.. (107, 108) Babington’s Orache

On sandy and shingly shores. Occasional on all coasts.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. laciniata L. (107) Frosted Orache

On sandy sea-shores. Rare

DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— ——
FARR

Farr (Farr, Bettyhill, 1855, H.C.W.)

Suaeda Forsk. ex Scop.

S. maritima (L.) Dumort. (107) Annual Seablite
On salt-marshes. Rare.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE.-——- —— —

Dornoch ( Ferrytown, Dornoch, Skelbo)
Golspie (Loch Fleet )

71

Salsola L.

S. kali L. (107, 108) Prickly Saltwort

On sandy shores. Rare.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— ——
EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR

Dornoch (Dornoch)

Golspie (Golspie)

Eddrachillis (Loch Laxford, Sandwood)

Tongue (Melness)

Farr (Melvich)

Salicornia L.

S. europaea L. (107, 108) Glasswort

Muddy salt-marshes. Rare.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ——
TONGUE
Dornoch (Ferrytown, Dornoch, Skelbo; Cambusmore )
Golspie (Loch Fleet)

Tongue (Kyle of Tongue)

TILIACEAE
Tilia L.

T. x europaea L. (107, 108) Common Lime

Introduced. Widely planted in the south-east, sparse in north-west.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE FARR

MALVACEAE
Malva L.

M. moschata L. (107, 108) Musk Mallow

Grassy banks. Garden escape. Occasional.

ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— _ KILDONAN
—. TONGUE ——

M. sylvestris L. (107) Common Mallow
Waste places. Occasional.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN

M. neglecta Wallr. (107) Dwarf Mallow
Waste places. Rare.

72

—=— == == == GOLSPIE —— ===>

Golspie (Golspie)
Kildonan (Helmsdale )

LINACEAE

Linum L.

L. catharticum L. (107, 108) Fairy Flax or Purging Flax
Heaths, moors, pastures, dunes. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Radiola Hill

R. linoides Roth (107, 108) All-seed
On bare sandy soil. Rare and local.

GOLSPIE —— a
TONGUE ——

Golspie (Golspie, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Tongue (Hilean Iosal, 1886, A.G., Eilean nan Ron, 1929, J.T.,
Achininver & Coldbackie, 1960, J.A.)

GERANIACEAE

Geranium L.

G. pratense L. (107) Meadow Cranesbill
Introduced. Rare.

aa GOLSPIE —— —

G. endressii Gay (107) French Cranesbill
On roadsides. Introduced.
CREICH

DORNOCH —— == —

G. dissectum L. (107, 108) Cut-leaved Cranesbill

Grassy and waste places. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— a FARR

G. molle L. (107, 108) Dove’s-foot Cranesbill

Dunes, fields, roadsides, waste places. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

73

G. pusillum L. (107, 108) Small-flowered Cranesbill

In grassland. Rare.

ROGART —— GOLSPIE —— —— —
TONGUE ——

Rogart ( Rogart, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Golspie (Golspie, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Tongue (Rabbit Island, 1962, C.R.L.)

G. robertianum L. (107, 108) Herb Robert

Shady banks, walls and shingle shores. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Erodium L’Hérit.

E. cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit. (107, 108) Common Storksbill
sub sp. dunense Andreas
Grassy and sandy places. Occasional.

DORNOCH —— CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSN — es TONGUE FARR
OXALIDACEAE
Oxalis L.

O. acetosella L. (107, 108) Wood-sorrel

In woods and shady places amongst rocks on hills. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

BALSAMINACEAE
Impatiens L.

I. glandulifera Royle (107) Indian Balsam or Policeman’s Helmet
Introduced. Waste places.
Golspie (Golspie )

ACERACEAE
Acer L.

A. pseudoplatanus L. (107, 108) Sycamore
Introduced, widely planted throughout the county.

HIPPOCASTANACEAE
Aesculus L.

A. hippocastanum L. (107) Horse-chestnut
Commonly planted in eastern areas.

74 .

AQUIFOLIACEAE
Tlex L.

I. aquifolium L. (107, 108) Holly

Amongst rocks on hills. Occasional in north and west. Introduced in
south and east.

CREICH ROGART DORNOCH —— —_—> Ss ——-_-— — ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

LEGUMINOSAE
Ulex L.

U. europaeus L. (107, 108) Gorse

Roadsides, old woodlands, heaths. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

U. gallii Planch. (107, 108) Western Gorse or Dwarf Furze
On heaths. Very rare.

ASSYNT
Kildonan (Kinbrace, 1962, M.McC.W.)
Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W. & M.S.C.)

=—= =—== ae == KILDONAN

Sarothamnus Wimm.

S. scoparius (L.) Wimmer ex Koch (107, 108) Broom

Amongst scrub and on heaths. Common in the east, sparse (introduced )
in north and west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Ononis L.

O. repens L. (107, 108) Common Restharrow

On dunes. Rare.

— —_ —— ——- GOLSPIE —— ——- ——
-——— ee FARR

Golspie (Golspie )
Farr ( Bettyhill, Farr)

Medicago L.
M. sativa L. (108) Lucerne

In cultivated fields. Casual. —
Farr (Farr Bay, 1957, J.A.)

M. lupulina L. (107, 108) Black Medick
Fields, dunes and waste places. Occasional.

=== EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS

Melilotus Mill.

M. alba Medic. White Melilot
In cultivated field. Casual.
Farr (Farr Bay, 1958, J.A.)

Trifolium L.

T. pratense L. (107, 108) Red Clover

Fields and pastures. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

T. medium L. (107, 108) Zigzag Clover
Pastures. Occasional.

ae GOLSPIE
—= EDDRACHILLIS ee ar a

T. hybridum L. (107, 108) Alsike Clover
Fields and roadsides. Occasional.

DORNOCH
oe EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

T. repens L. (107, 108) White Clover

Pastures, dunes and roadsides. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

T. campestre Schreb. (107, 108) Hop Trefoil
Grassy places in dunes. Occasional.

Sa DURNESS TONGUE

T. dubium Sibth. (107, 108) Lesser Trefoil

FARR

CLYNE
FARR

FARR

FARR

CLYNE
FARR

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE

FARR

In grassy places. Frequent except in the interior.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE
76

FARR

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ——

LOTH

LOTH

LOTH

LOTH

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Anthyllis L.

A. vulneraria L. (107, 108) Kidney Vetch

Grassy places, cliffs by the sea, on hills on basic rock. Frequent near sea.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Lotus L.

L. corniculatus L. (107, 108) Common Birdsfoot-trefoil

Grassy places, dunes, screes and roadsides. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. uliginosus Schkuhr. (107, 108) Greater Birdsfoot-trefoil
Moist grassland. Occasional.

Sas CLYNE —— KILDONAN
—— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Astragalus L.

A. danicus Retz. (107) Purple Milk-vetch
On sandy turf and dunes. Occasional.
—— DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ——

Oxytropis DC.

O. halleri Bunge (108) Purple Oxytropis
On dunes and sea-cliffs. Rare.

FARR
Farr (Invernaver, Bettyhill, Farr, Kirtomy, Strathy)

Vicia L.

V. hirsuta (L.) Gray (107) Hairy Tare
Fields and waste places. Occasional.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN

V. tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. (107) Smooth Tare
Grassy places. Rare. No recent records.
CREICH GOLSPIE —— —— ——

717

Creich (Invershin, 1908, G.C.D.)
Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.)

V. cracca L. (107, 108) Tufted Vetch

Hedges and roadsides. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. orobus DC. (108) Wood Bitter-vetch
Rocky places near the sea. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS
Assynt (Lochinver, Achmelvich, Stoer)
Eddrachillis ( Laxford, Kinlochbervie )

V. sylvatica L. (108) Wood Vetch
Dunes and cliffs near the sea. Occasional.

ASSYNT
Assynt (Clachtoll)

Durness (Kyle of Durness )

Farr ( Betiyhill, Farr, Armadale, Melvich)

DURNESS —— FARR

V. sepium L. (107, 108) Bush Vetch

Roadsides, grassy places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. angustifolia L. (107, 108) Narrow-leaved Vetch

Dunes and roadsides. Occasional.

CREICH ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT ——_ TONGUE FARR

V. sativa L. (107, 108) Common Vetch

Fields. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH ——— CLYNE —— ——
ASSYNT —— — TONGUE FARR

V. lathyroides L. (107) Spring Vetch
— DORNOCH —— — — _ KILDONAN

Dornoch (Mound, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Kildonan (Kilpheder, 1962, M.McC.W.)

78

Lathyrus L.

L. pratensis L. (107, 108) Meadow Vetchling
Roadsides and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

L. montanus Bernh. (107, 108) Bitter Vetch
Woods, moorland, grassy banks. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

ROSACEAE
Spiraea L.

CLYNE
FARR

CLYNE
FARR

S. salicifolia L. (107) Bridewort or Willow Spiraea

Damp places amongst scrub. Escape from cultivation.

LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE

Filipendula Mill.

CLYNE

F. ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (107, 108) Meadowsweet

Ditches, marshes and wet woods. Common.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

Rubus L.

R. chamaemorus L. (107, 108) Cloudberry
Wet peaty places on hills. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

R. saxatilis L. (107, 108) Stone Bramble

Rocky and stony places. Common in west.
CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

R. idaeus L. (107, 108) Raspberry

Woods and hedges. Frequent in east, sparse in north and west.

CLYNE
FARR

CLYNE
FARR

LOTH KILDONAN
LOTH KILDONAN
Occasional

LOTH KILDONAN
LOTH | KILDONAN

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

FARR

KILDONAN

79

Sub-genus Rubus F. & S.
Section Suberecti P.J.Muell.

R. scissus W.C.R.Wats. (107)
Creich ( Rosehall, 1959, J.A.)
Dornoch (Dornoch, 1959, J.A.)

R. plicatus Weihe & Nees (107)
Creich (Rosehall & Invershin, 1896, H.S.M. & F.J.H.)

R. fissus Lindl]. (107)
Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1897, H.S.M.; Rosehall, 1960, J.A.; Invershin,
1908, G.C.D.)

Section Triviales P.J.Muell.

R. sublustris Lees (107)

Creich (Invershin, 1897, E.S.M.)
Dornoch (Mound, 1959, J.A.)
Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.)

R. latifolius Bab. (107)
Dornoch (Mound, 1962, M.McC.W.)
Clyne ( Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.)

R. purpureicaulis W.C.R.Wats. (107)
Dornoch (Skelbo Street, 1963, J.A.)

Section Sylvatici P.J.Muell.

R. nemoralis P.J.Muell. (108)
Eddrachillis ( Loch Stack, 1963, J.A.)

R. danicus (Focke) Focke (108)
Eddrachillis ( Laxford Bridge, 1962, M.McC.W.)
Tongue (Tongue, 1597, HSM. & W.AS.)

R. villicaulis Koehl] ex Weihe & Ness (107, 108)

Abundant in the south and east, local in the north and west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE ——

Section Appendiculati (Genev.) Sudre

R. mucronulatus Bor. (107)

80

Abundant in south and east.
CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN

R. radula Weihe ex. Boenn. (107)

Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1963, J.A.)

Golspie (Golspie, 1963, J.A.; 1897, H.S.M. & W.A.S.)
Loth (Culgower, 1963, J.A.)

Potentilla L.

P. palustris (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Marsh Cinquefoil

Marshes and bogs. Common in the east, sparse in west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. sterilis (L.) Garcke (108) Barren Strawberry
Amongst scrub. Rare.

== == DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. rupestris L. (107) Rock Cinquefoil
Calcareous cliff ledges. Very rare.
DORNOCH —— —S

Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, D.A.R.)

P. anserina L. (107, 108) Silverweed

Waste places, dunes, shingle shores. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. crantzii (Crantz) G.Beck ex Fritsch (107, 108) Alpine Cinquefoil
Rock-ledges on hills. Very rare.

— — — _— KILDONAN
ASSYNT DURNESS —— —
Kildonan ( Ben Griam)

Assynt (Hills round Inchnadamph)

Durness (Ben Hope)

P. erecta (L.) Rausch (107, 108) Tormentil

Heaths, grassland and woods. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

81

P. reptans L. (108) Creeping Cinquefoil
Grassy places. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —

Sibbaldia L.

S. procumbens L. (107, 108) Sibbaldia or Lesser Cinquefoil
Bare places on mountains. Occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Fragaria L.

F. vesca L. (107, 108) Wild Strawberry

Grassy banks and woods. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Geum L.

G. urbanum L. (107, 108) Wood Avens

Shady places. Occasional in east, sparse in north and west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
— EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR

G. rivale L. (107, 108) Water Avens

Wet shady places in ditches and woods. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Dryas L.

D. octopetala L. (107, 108) Mountain Avens

Basic rocks on hills and on coastal turf. Frequent in north and west,
very rare in east.

— — — — — _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Kildonan (Ben Griam)

Agrimonia L.

A. eupatoria L. (107, 108) Agrimony

Rocky places amongst scrub. Very rare.
DORNOCH
— —— —— — FARR

82

Dornoch (Cambusmore )
Farr ( Altnaharra)

Alchemilla L.

A. alpina L. (107, 108) Alpine Lady’s-mantle

Mountain pastures. Descends to sea-level. Frequent in west, rare in east.

CREICH LAIRG
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. glaucescens Wallr. (108)
Calcareous grassland. Very rare.

ASSYNT
Assynt (Inchnadamph )

A. filicaulis Buser

sub sp. vestita (Buser) M.E.Bradshaw (107, 108)
Grasslands. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— ——

sub sp. filicaulis (107, 108)

Mountain grasslands. Frequent.

CREICH ee CLYNE ——
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. glomerulans Buser (107)
On rock-ledges. Rare.
CREICH

A. glabra Neygent. (107, 108)

Grasslands. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. wichurae (Buser) Stéfanss (107, 108)
Mountain grassland. Occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —

Aphanes L.

A. arvensis L. (107, 108) Parsley Piert

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

83

Waste places. Occasional.
DORNOCH —— —$> Ss) —
—— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm. (107, 108) Slender Parsley Piert
Fields and wasteplaces. Frequent. :

CREICH LAIRG ‘ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR

Acaena Mutis ex L.

A. anserinifolia (J.R. & G.Forst.) Druce (107, 108) Pirri-pirri-bur
Garden escape.

Dornoch (Cambusmore )

Farr (Melvich)

Rosa L.

R. pimpinellifolia L. (107, 108) Burnet Rose

Dunes and sandy heaths. Frequent in all coastal areas.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

xR. glabra W-Dod (107)
Clyne ( Brora, 1898, ES.M. & W.AS.)

xR. involuta Sm. (107, 108)

Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.)

Assynt (Lochinver, 1590, H.S.M. & F.J.H.)

Durness (Heilam, 1901, E.S.M.)

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1910, E.S.M., Armadale & Melvich, 1916, E.S.M.)

XR. sabinii Woods (107, 108)

Creich (Inveran, 1959, J.A.)

Assynt (Loch Assynt & Kylesku, 1890, F.J.H. & ESM.)
Farr (Invernaver, 1897, E.S.M. & W.A.S.)

R. canina L. var. globularis (Franch.) Dum. (108) Dog Rose
Assynt ( Lochinver, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.)

R. dumalis Bechst. (107, 108)

Margins of woods, amongst scrub and roadsides. Frequent in east.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

84

The undermentioned forms have been recorded:

var. typica W-Dod (107, 108)

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1890, E.S.M., Rosehall & Inveran, 1959, J.A.)
Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, J.A.)

Dornoch (Clashmore, Dornoch, Torboll, Mound, 1959, J.A.)

Golspie (Golspie, 1959, J.A.)

Assynt (Lochinver, Inchnadamph, Kylesku, 1890, F.J.H. & E.S.M.)
Durness (Ben Hope, 1827, R.G.)

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1889, F.J.H. & ES.M., 1908, G.C.D., Farr, 1959, J.A.)

var. schlimpertii Hofm.
Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.)

var. aspernata (Desegl.) Briggs. (107)
Creich ( Rosehall, 1890, F.J.H. & E.S.M.)

var. rueteri (God.) Cott. (107)
Lairg ( Lairg, 1960, J.A.)
Dornoch (Astle, 1959, J.A.)
Golspie (Strath Fleet, 1960, J.A.)

var. glaucophylla (Winch) W-Dod (107, 108)

Creich (Invershin, 1908, G.C.D., Bonar Bridge, 1960, J.A.)

Kildonan (Helmsdale, 1960, J.A.)

Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, AJ .W. & MS.C., Inchnadamph & Kylesku,
1890, F.J.H. & ESM.)

var. subeanina Chr. (107, 108)
Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, J.A.)
Golspie (Mound, 1959, J.A.)
Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A.)

var. watsoni (Baker) W-Dod (108)
Assynt (Lochinver, 1890, E.S.M.)

var. bakeri (Déségl.) W-Dod (107)
Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1897, E.S.M. & W.A.S.)
Clyne (Brora, 1897, ESM. & W.AS.)

f. setigera W-Dod (108)
Assynt (Lochinver & Achmelvich, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.)

var. pruinosa (Baker) W-Dod (108)
Assynt (Lochinver, 1897, HSM. & W.A.S.)

85

R. villosa L. (107, 108)

Wood margins. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE. —— —— ——
ASSYNT —— — — FARR

var. mollis Sm. (107, 108)

Dornoch (Dornoch, 1903, G.C.D.)
Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.)
Assynt (Traligill Burn, 1886, A.G.)
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1897, W.F.M.)

f. coerulea Woods (107, 108)

Dornoch (Mound, 1959, J.A.)

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1909, E.S.M. & W.AS.)

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1889, W.F.M., Melvich, 1916, E.S.M.)

xR. schoolbredi W-Dod (107)
Dornoch (Cuthill, 1959, J.A.)

R. tomentosa Sm. (107, 108)

Margins of woods. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG GOLSPIE —— ——- ——
ASSYNT —— —— — —

var. typica W-Dod (107, 108)

Creich (Invershin, 1908, G.C.D.)

Lairg ( Lairg, 1908, G.C.D.)

Assynt (Achmelvich, 1944, A.J.W., Unapool, 1886, A.G., Kylesku, 1908,
E.S.M.)

var. scabriuscula Sm. (107)
Golspie (Dunrobin, 1903, G.C.D.)

R. sherardii Davies (107, 108)

Amongst scrub. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR

var. typica W-Dod (107, 108)

Lairg (Lairg, 1960, J.A.)

Dornoch (Astle, Badnanish, 1960, J.A.)

Golspie (Dunrobin, 1960, J.A.)

Kildonan (Helmsdale, 1960, J.A.)

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, E.S.M.)

Durness (Drocheid Mor, 1960, J.A.)

Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A., Melvich, 1916, E.S.M.)

86

f. submollis (Ley) W-Dod (107, 108)
Creich (Bonar Bridge, 1959, J.A.)

Dornoch (Clashmore, Camore, 1959, J.A.)
Assynt (Kylesku, 1909, H.S.M. & W.AS.)

f. pseudomollis (Baker) W-Dod (107, 108)
Dornoch (Mound, 1959, J.A.)

Clyne ( Dalcharn, 1960, J.A.)

Loth ( Loth, 1960, J.A.)

Durness (Sangomore, 1960, J.A.)

f. uncinata (Lees) W-Dod (107, 108)

Creich (Inveran, 1960, J.A.)

Dornoch (Dornoch, 1959, J.A.)

Tongue (Coldbackie, 1909, H.S.M. & W.A.S.)

var. omissa (Déségl.) W-Dod (107, 108)
Lairg ( Lairg, 1960, J.A.)

Dornoch ( Astle, 1960, J.A.)

Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A.)

f. resinosoides (Crép.) W-Dod (107, 108)
Creich ( Rosehall, 1959, J.A.)

Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, J.A.)

Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1959, J.A.)

Assynt (Lochinver, 1908, E.S.M.)

var. woodsiana (Groves) W-Dod (107, 108)
Dornoch (EHvelix, 1959, J.A.)
Clyne ( Tressady, 1960, J.A.)
Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A.)

var. suberecta (Ley) W-Dod

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1909, E.S.M., Invershin, 1959, J.A.)

Lairg ( Lairg, 1960, J.A.)

Rogart ( Rogart, 1960, J.A.)

Dornoch (Camore, 1959, J.A.)

Assynt (Lochinver, Inchnadamph, Kylesku, 1909, E.S.M. & W.A.S.)
Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A., Bettyhill, Armadale, 1909, E.S.M.)

f. glabrata Ley (108)
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1909, E.S.M.)

R. rubiginosa L. (107) Sweet Briar
Waste places. Escape from cultivation. Rare.

87

—— —— oe DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— acai

Dornoch (Dornoch, 1959, J.A.)
Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.)

Prunus L.

P. spinosa L. (107, 108) Blackthorn

Amongst scrub and wood margins. Occasional in east, rare in north

and west.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. domestica L. (107) Wild Plum
Introduced. Old record.
Creich ( Rosehall, 1890, F.J.H. & E.S.M.)

P. avium (L.) L. (107, 108) Wild Cherry or Gean
Woodlands. Occasional. Introduced in west and north.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — FARR

P. padus L. (107, 108) Bird Cherry

Woodlands. Occasional in east, rare in north and west.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT —— — TONGUE FARR

Cotoneaster Medic.

C. simonsii Bak. (107) Himalayan Cotoneaster
Escape from gardens.

Dornoch (Cambusmore )

Golspie ( Dunrobin)

Clyne ( Brora)

Kildonan (Kildonan)

C. horizontalis Decne. (107) Wall Cotoneaster
Garden escape. Established on links.
Dornoch (Dornoch)

C. microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. (107) Small-leaved Cotoneaster

Garden escape.
Dornoch (Cambusmore )
Kildonan (Kildonan)

88

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Crataegus L.

C. monogyna Jacq. (107, 108) Hawthorn

Amongst scrub and in woods. Occasional, probably planted in the north.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Sorbus L.

S. aucuparia L. (107, 108) Rowan

Woods, scrub, mountain rocks. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. aria (L.) Crantz sensu lato (107) Common Whitebeam
Planted. Occasional.
CREICH

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE -——

S. rupicola (Syme) Hedl. (107, 108) Rock Whitebeam
On limestone rocks. Very rare.
DORNOCH —— —_ Ss ——

ASSYNT
Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1939, P.M.H., 1962, A.M.G.)
Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1826, R.G.)

CRASSULACEAE
Sedum L.

S. rosea (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Roseroot

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Shingle shores, sea-cliffs and mountain cliffs. Frequent in north and west,

rare in east.
CREICH = GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

LOTH

S. telephium L. (107) Orpine
Woods. Very rare.
—— —_—~ GOLSPIE —— ——

Golspie (Dunrobin)

S. anglicum Huds. (107, 108) English Stonecrop

Sea-cliffs and shingle beaches. Occasional in west, rare in east.

GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

89

S. album L. (107, 108) White Stonecrop

Rocks and walls. Introduced, rare.

ROGART GOLSPIE —— —— ——
ASSYNT —— — — eee

S. acre L. (107, 108) Biting Stonecrop or Wall-pepper

Dunes, shingle beaches and rocks. Frequent in coastal areas.

ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE.LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. forsteranum Sm. (107) Rock Stonecrop
Introduced. Rare.
Creich (Shin)

SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga L.

8. nivalis L. (107, 108) Alpine Saxifrage
Mountain cliffs, up to 2700 ft. Very rare.
CREICH

DURNESS —— ——
Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1962, D.A.R.)
Durness (Meall Horn, 1959, D.A.R.)

S. stellaris L. (107, 108) Starry Saxifrage

Wet rocks on mountains. Frequent in north and west. Descends to
sea-level.

CREICH ——- —— — —— —- LOTH ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. tridactylites L. (107, 108) Rue-leaved Saxifrage
Bare sandy places on dunes and on walls. Rare.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE
—— FARR

Dornoch ( Dornoch)
Golspie (Golspie )
Farr (Farr Bay)

S. hypnoides L. (107, 108) Mossy Saxifrage

Wet rock-ledges on mountains. At sea-level in the east. Occasional.
CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE LOTH = ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. aizoides L. (107, 108) Yellow Saxifrage
Stony ground and rock-ledges on mountains. At sea-level in the north
and west. Frequent in north and west, absent from east.

90

CREICH —— ——= ——— —
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. oppositifolia L. (107, 108) Purple Saxifrage

Rock-ledges on mountains, stony ground, sea-cliffs and shingle.
Frequent in the north and west. At sea-level on the north coast.

CREICH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Chrysosplenium L.

C. oppositifolium L. (107, 108) Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage

Wet shady places by ditches and streams. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

PARNASSIACEAE
Parnassia L.

P. palustris L. (107, 108) Grass-of-Parnassus

Marshes, moors and dune-slacks. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE. ——- —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

GROSSULARIACEAE
Ribes L.

R. sylvestre (Lam.) Mert. & Koch (107, 108) Red Currant

Woods. Introduced. Occasional.

CREICH ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— ——
== ee TONGUE FARR

R. spicatum Robson (107) Downy Currant or Erect-spiked Red Currant
Introduced.
Kildonan (Kildonan )

R. nigrum L. (107, 108) Black Currant
Woods. Introduced. An escape. Rare.

CREICH DORNOCH
— —— oe TONGUE FARR

R. uva-crispa L. (107, 108) Gooseberry

Woods and scrub. Introduced. Occasional.

CREICH ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE _—— —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE ——

91

DROSERACEAE

Drosera L.

D. rotundifolia L. (107, 108) Round-leaved Sundew

Wet peaty places in moors and bogs. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. anglica Huds. (107, 108) Great Sundew

Wet peaty places on moors and in bogs. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. x obovata Mert. & Koch (D. rotundifolia x anglica) (108)
Wet peaty places. Occasional.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —== —= FARR.

D. intermedia Hayne (108) Oblong-leaved or Long-leaved Sundew
Wet peaty places. Occasional, mainly in the north and west.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS' TONGUE FARR

LYTHRACEAE
Lythrum L.

L. portula (L.) D.A.Webb (107) Water Purslane
Muddy margins of pools. Very rare.
ROGART DORNOCH —— —> Ss —- SS ——

Rogart (Rogart, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Dornoch (Cuthill, 1958, J.A.)

ELAEAGNACEAE
Hippophaé L.

H. rhamnoides L. (107, 108) Sea-buckthorn
Introduced. Occasional.

era GOLSPIE —— LOTH ==
oa ——— — TONGUE FARR

ONAGRACEAE
Epilobium L.

E. parviflorum Schreb. (107) Hoary Willowherb or Small-flowered
Hairy Willowherb

92

Ditches and margins of ponds. Rare.
CREICH DORNOCH —— — — _ KILDONAN

EK. montanum L. (107, 108) Broad-leaved Willowherb

Shady damp places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KE. roseum Schreb. (107) Small-flowered or Pale Willowherb
Garden weed. Rare. |
—— —— CLYNE —— ——

E. adnatum Griseb. (107) Square-stalked Willowherb
Shady ditches. Rare.
— —- —— — _ KILDONAN

E. obscurum Schreb. (107, 108) Short-fruited Willowherb

Damp shady places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

EK. palustre L. (107, 108) Marsh Willowherb

Ditches, marshes, margins of ponds. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

EK. anagallidifolium Lam. (107, 108) Alpine Willowherb
Wet places on mountains. Occasional on western hills.
CREICH LAIRG
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE ——

=== KILDONAN

E. alsinifolium Vill. (107, 108) Chickweed Willowherb
Wet places on western mountains. Very occasional.

CREICH LAIRG
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. nerterioides Cunn. (108) New Zealand Willowherb
Introduced.

Tongue (Loch Buidhe)

Knocknan rock (Knocknan, 1973, I.A.)

93

Several hybrids have been recorded. Among these are:

. alsinifolium x E. anagallidifolium
alsinifolium x E. obscurum
alsinifolium x E. palustre

. anagallidifolium x E. obscurum

. anagallidifolium x E. palustre

- montanum x E. obscurum

. obscurum E. palustre

bed bes et ttt

Chamaenerion Adans.

C. angustifolium (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Rosebay Willowherb

Waste places, woodlands, rocks on mountains. Ascends to 1400 ft.
Frequent in south and east, occasional in north and west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Circaea L.

C. lutetiana L. (108) Enchanter’s-nightshade
Shady places in woods. Rare. —

ASSYNT DURNESS —— —
Assynt (Lochinver, Achmelvich )

Durness ( Durness )

C. intermedia Ehrh. (107, 108) Upland Enchanter’s Nightshade
Shady places amongst rocks and in woods. Rare.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT —— — — FARR
Dornoch (Cambusmore )

Golspie (Dunrobin )

Assynt (Inchnadamph )

Farr ( Bettyhill)

HALORAGACEAE
Myriophyllum L.

M. spicatum L. (108) Spiked Water-milfoil
In streams. Rare.

ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE ——

M. alterniflorum DC. (107, 108) Alternate Water-milfoil
94

In streams. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

HIPPURIDACEAE
Hippuris L.

H. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Mare’s-tail

Lochans. Occasional.

ROGART DORNOCH —— ——_ —— KILDONAN
— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR

CALLITRICHACEAE
Callitriche L.

C. stagnalis Scop. (107, 108) Common Water-starwort

Ditches and ponds. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. platyearpa Kiitz. (108) Various-leaved Water-starwort
Ditches. Rare.

DURNESS —— FARR

ASSYNT

C. intermedia Hoffm. (107, 108) Intermediate Water-starwort

sub sp. hamulata (Kiitz.) Clapham

Ditches, ponds and streams. Occasional.

ROGART CLYNE —— ——

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —= =—= FARR

C. hermaphroditica L. (107, 108) Autumnal Water-starwort

Streams. Rare.
— —— — oS} 1) eI DONAN

aaa EDDRACHILLIS == — FARR

CORNACEAE
Chamaepericlymenum Hill

C. suecicum (L.) Aschers. & Graebn. (107, 108) Dwarf Cornel

Mountain moors. Frequent in west, rare in east.

CREICH LAIRG —— LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

95

ARALIACEAE
Hedera L.

H. helix L. (107, 108) Ivy

Woodlands, hedges, walls, sea-cliffs. Frequent but absent from interior.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

UMBELLIFERAE
Hydrocotyle L.

H. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Marsh Pennywort
Bogs and marshes. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

Sanicula L.

S. europaea L. (107, 108) Sanicle

Woods. Occasional in west, rare in east.
ROGART
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

Anthriscus Pers.

A. caucalis Bieb. (107) Bur Chervil
Waste places. Casual.
—— GOLSPIE

Golspie (Golspie )
Kildonan (Helmsdale )

CLYNE LOTH
FARR

CLYNE LOTH
FARR

FARR

A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. (107, 108) Cow Parsley

Fields, roadsides, waste places. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

Scandix L.

S. pecten-veneris L. (108) Shepherd’s-needle
Field. Old record.
Farr (Melvich, 1886, F.J.H.)

96

CLYNE LOTH
FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Myrrhis Mill.

M. odorata (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Sweet Cicely
Roadsides and margins of fields. Occasional in east, rare in north and
west.

CREICH —— ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— - KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— — TONGUE ——
Torilis Adans.

T. japonica (Houtt.) DC. (107, 108) Upright Hedge-parsley

Waste places and roadsides. Occasional in east, very rare in north.
CREICH ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
DURNESS —— ==

Durness ( Balnakeil, 1964, A.G.K.)

Conium L.

€. maculatum L. (107, 108) Hemlock
Waste places. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN
—= === DURNESS FARR

Apium L.

A. inundatum (L.) Reichb, f. (107) Lesser Marshwort
Marshes. Rare.

== DORNOCH —— —— ——— ==

Dornoch (Loch Fleet, 1888, J.G., 1962, V.S.S.)

Carum L.

€. carvi L. (108) Caraway
Introduced. Rare.

=a DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Conopodium Koch

C. majus (Gouan) Loret (107, 108) Pignut

Fields, banks and woods. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

97

Pimpinella L.

P. saxifraga L. (107, 108) Burnet-saxifrage

Dry grassy places and dunes. Occasional on the north coast, rare in east.
GOLSPIE CLYNE
=== —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Aegopodium L.

A. podagraria L. (107, 108) Ground-elder or Goutweed

Fields and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Crithmum L.

C. maritimum L. (108) Rock Samphire
On sea-cliffs. Very rare.

—— FARR
Farr (Strathy Point, Three plants, 1959, M.McC.W.)

Oenanthe L.

0. crocata L. (108) Hemlock Water-dropwort
Marshes. Rare.

ASSYNT
Assynt ( Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.)

Aethusa L.

A. cynapium L. (107) Fool’s Parsley
Waste places. Casual.
Golspie (Golspie)

Ligusticum L.

L. scoticum L. (108) Scots Lovage
Sea-cliffs, shingle. Frequent on north and west coasts.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Angelica L.

A. sylvestris L. (107, 108) Wild Angelica
98

Wet woods, damp grassy places and banks, sea-cliffs. Common,
widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Peucedanum L.

P. ostruthium (L.) Koch (107) Masterwort
In old garden.
Loth ( Loth, 1959, M.McC.W.)

Heracleum L.
H. sphondylium L. (107, 108) Hogweed or Cow Parsnip
Fields, waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Daucus L.

D. carota L. (108) Wild Carrot
Dunes and sandy fields. Frequent on north and west coasts.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

EUPHORBIACEAE
Mercurialis L.

M. perennis L. (107, 108) Dog’s Mercury
Sandy places. Very rare.

CREICH
— — — —— FARR

Euphorbia L.

E. helioscopia L. (107, 108) Sun Spurge

Cultivated ground. Frequent in north.

DORNOCH —— —_ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. peplus L. (107, 108) Petty Spurge
Cultivated ground. Rare.

Z DORNOCH —— SS SSS Tee
sr EDDRACHILLIS == == FARR

99

E. cyparissias L. (108) Cypress Spurge
Dry grassland. Introduced. Rare.

eral Sa = TONGUE FARR

POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum L.

P. aviculare L. sensu lato (107, 108) Knotgrass

Fields, roadsides, waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. boreale (Lange) Small (107, 108)
Golspie (Golspie, 1962, M.McC.W.)
Durness (Durness )

P. viviparum L. (107, 108) Alpine Bistort

Rocky and grassy places on mountains, coastal pastures, at
the north. Frequent in north and west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. amphibium L. (107, 108) Amphibious Bistort
In lochs and ponds. Rare.

DORNOCH —— CLYENH i
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS ——

P. persicaria L. (107, 108) Redshank or Persicaria
Cultivated ground. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. lapathifolium L. (108) Pale Persicaria
Cultivated ground. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— Sor

P. hydropiper L. (108) Common Water-pepper
Wet places. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS ——. —- —————

P. convolvulus L. (107, 108) Black-bindweed
Cultivated fields. Occasional.

100

KILDONAN

sea-level in

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

—— —— ee DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (107, 108) Japanese Knotweed
Garden escape.

Creich (Inveran)

Assynt ( Lochinver )

Oxyria Hill

O. digyna (L.) Hill. (108) Mountain Sorrel
Wet rocky places on mountains. At sea-level on north coast. Frequent.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Rumex L.

R. acetosella L. sensu lato (107, 108) Sheep’s Sorrel

Fields, heaths, waste places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. acetosa L. (107, 108) Common Sorrel

Grassy places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. longifolius DC. (107, 108) Northern Dock or Butter Dock
Damp places. Occasional.
CREICH

——— GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN
FARR

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1889, F.J.H.) Old record.

R. crispus L. (107, 108) Curled Dock

Shingle beaches, dunes, fields, waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. obtusifolius L. (107, 108) Broad-leaved Dock

Fields, waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

R. conglomeratus Murr. (107, 108) Clustered Dock or Sharp Dock
Damp grassy places. Rare.

101

Aa LAIRG —— — — = (es
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —_—— —— SS

URTICACEAE
Urtica L.

U. urens L. (107, 108) Small Nettle

Fields, waste places. Occasional in the east.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

U. dioica L. (107, 108) Common Nettle or Stinging Nettle
Fields, waste places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ULMACEAE
Ulmus L.

U. glabra Huds. (107, 108) Wych Elm

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Woodlands. Frequent in the south-east, occasional in north-west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

MYRICACEAE
Myrica L.

M. gale L. (107, 108) Bog Myrtle

Bogs, wet moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

BETULACEAE
Betula L.

B. pendula Roth (107, 108) Silver Birch

Woods and heaths on hills. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

B. pubescens Khrh. (107, 108) Downy Birch

Woods, heaths in wetter areas. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

102

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

B. nana L. (107, 108) Dwarf Birch
Bogs and wet moors. Occasional.
LAIRG

-_—-— TONGUE FARR
Lairg (Ben Hee)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, Ben Tongue)

Farr (Ben Klibreck, Strathy Bog)

hybrid B. nana x pubescens occurs on Ben Loyal
Alnus Mill.

A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (107, 108) Alder

Margins of lakes and streams. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

CORYLACEAE
Carpinus L.

C. betulus L. (107, 108) Hornbeam
Introduced.

Golspie (Dunrobin )

Tongue ( Borgie )

Farr (Melvich)

Corylus L.

C. avellana L. (107, 108) Hazel

Woods, scrub, hedges. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

FAGACEAE
Fagus L.

F. sylvatica L. (107, 108) Beech

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Woods. Frequent in south-east, sparse in north and west. Introduced.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Castanea Mill.

C. sativa Mill. (107) Sweet Chestnut
In woods. Introduced. Rare.

KILDONAN

103

CREICH ——W— ——= DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —== —

Quercus L.

Q. robur L. (107, 108) Pedunculate Oak

In woods. Introduced in north. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— FARR

Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. (107, 108) Sessile Oak

Woods in the south-east, frequent, sparse in the north. Often planted.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

SALICACEAE
Populus L.

P. tremula L. (107, 108) Aspen

Woods, rocky places on heaths and ravines and sea-cliffs. Common.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. alba L. (107, 108) White Poplar
Introduced.

Golspie (Golspie, Dunrobin)

Farr (Altnaharra)

P. nigra agg. (107, 108) Black Poplar
Introduced.

Creich ( Rosehall)

Rogart ( Rogart )

Assynt ( Lochinver )

Tongue ( Tongue)

Salix L.

S. pentandra L. (107, 108) Bay Willow
Introduced. Usually near houses.

CREICH
ASSYNT

DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. alba L. (107, 108) White Willow
Introduced. Very occasional.

GOLSPIE —— —— ===
— = DURNESS —— —S—=

104

S. fragilis L. (107, 108) Crack Willow

Introduced, occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — ——

S. purpurea L. (107, 108) Purple Willow
Introduced. Very occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT

DURNESS —— ==

S. viminalis L. (107, 108) Osier

Wet places. Frequently planted round houses. Absent from interior.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. caprea L. (107, 108) Goat Willow

Woods. Occasional in the south-east; sparse in the north.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. cinerea L. Grey Willow or Common Sallow

sub sp. atrocinerea (Brot) Silva & Sobrinho (107, 108)

Woods and scrub. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. aurita L. (107, 108) Eared Willow

Damp woods and moorland. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. nigricans Sm. (107, 108) Dark-leaved Willow
Wet places. Rare.

EDDRACHILLIS §= —— — ——
Eddrachillis (Scourie )

S. phylicifolia L. (107, 108) Tea-leaved Willow

Wet rocks on mountains. Rare.

ROGART —. i eA
— —_—— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. repens L. (107, 108) Creeping Willow
sub sp. repens. Damp and wet heaths. Common.

sub sp. argentea (Sm.) G. & A. Camus. Dune slacks and rocky heaths
near the sea. Common.

105

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. lapponum L. (108) Downy Willow
Wet rocks on mountains. Rare.

ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— FARR

S. myrsinites L. (107, 108) Whortle-leaved Willow
Basic rocks on mountains. Rare.

aaa Sasa SS KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS -—— ==

S. herbacea L. (107, 108) Dwarf Willow or Least Willow

Bare ground and rock-ledges on mountains. Frequent on higher hills.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. reticulata L. (108) Net-leaved or Reticulate Willow
Mountain screes. Very rare.

DURNESS
Durness (Ben Hope, 1833, J.M., 1957, R.E.C.F.)

ERICACEAE

Loiseleuria Desv.

L. procumbens (L.) Desv. (107, 108) Trailing Azalea or Loiseleuria

On dry stony places on mountain moors. From 700 ft near the north
coast to 2600 ft on Ben Hope. Chiefly in the north and west. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG CLYNE KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Arctostaphylos Adans.

A. uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (107, 108) Bearberry

Dry rocky places on mountains and heaths. Descends to sea-level on
north coast. Common.

CREICH LAIRG —— — _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Arctous (A. Gray) Nied.

A. alpinus (L.) Nied. (107, 108) Alpine Bearberry or Black Bearberry
On barren mountain tops. Frequent on hills in the north and west.

106

Descends to 400 ft on the north coast.
CREICH LAIRG CLYNE ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Calluna Salish.

C. vulgaris (L.) Hull (107, 108) Heather

On heaths, moors, woods and dunes. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Erica L.

K. tetralix L. (107, 108) Cross-leaved Heath

Damp heaths, moors and woods. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

K. cinerea L. (107, 108) Bell Heather

Dry heaths and moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Vaccinium L.

V. vitis-idaea L. (107, 108) Cowberry

Woods and heaths. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. myrtillus L. (107, 108) Bilberry or Blaeberry

Woods, moors and mountains. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. uliginosum L. (107, 108) Bog Bilberry or Bog Whortleberry
On high wet moors. Mainly in the north and west. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. oxycoccus L. (107) Cranberry
In bogs. Very rare.
CREICH

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1909, E.S.M.)

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

107

PYROLACEAE
Pyrola L.

P. minor L. (107, 108) Common Wintergreen

Cliff-ledges on hills and in woods. Rare.

CREICH GOLSPIE —— —— ——
DURNESS TONGUE ——

Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1962, D.A.R.)

Golspie (Golspie, 1858, J.G., 1959, J.A.)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M.)

Tongue ( Rhi-Tongue, 1886, A.G.; Ben Loyal, 1887, J.H.)

P. media Sw. (107, 108) Intermediate Wintergreen
Rocky places on heaths. Rare.
CREICH

= == ——= KILDONAN

Creich (Invershin, 1887, W.C., 1888, J.G.)
Kildonan (Ord, 1959, J.A.)
Farr (Strath Vagastie, 1899, W.F.M.)

P. rotundifolia L. (108) Round-leaved Wintergreen
Cliff-ledges on hills. Very rare.

DURNESS. —— —
Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M., 1959, J.A.)

Orthilia Raf.

O. secunda (L.) House (107) Serrated Wintergreen
Pine-woods and rock-ledges on hills. Rare.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN

Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, A.McG.S.)
Golspie (Ben Braghie, 1888, J.G.)

Clyne (Loch Brora, 1962, J.A.)
Kildonan (Achentoul, 1962, A.McG.S.)

Moneses Salisb.

M. uniflora (L.) A. Gray (107) One-flowered Wintergreen
In pine woods. Very rare.

———— GOLSPIE —— =a aan

Golspie ( Balblair, 1890, F.C.C., 1897, ES.M. & F.J.H., 1923, G.C.D.,
1960, J.A.; Mound, 1900, T.J.F.)

108

EMPETRACEAE
Empetrum L.

E. nigrum L. (107, 108) Crowberry

On moors. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KE. hermaphroditum Hagerup (107, 108) Mountain Crowberry

Mountain moors, mainly in the north and west, at the highest altitudes.
Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ——- —— —— CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

PLUMBAGINACEAE
Armeria Willd.

A. maritima (Mill.) Willd. (107, 108) Thrift

sub sp. maritima

Salt-marshes, coastal pastures, sea-cliffs and on mountains. Ascends to
3000 ft. Frequent.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

— = KILDONAN

PRIMULACEAE
Primula L.

P. scotica Hook. (108) Scottish Primrose
Pastures by the sea. All along the north coast. Occasional.

SS —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. veris L. (107, 108) Cowslip

Sandy pastures by the sea, occasional in north, very rare in the east.
DORNOCH
DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ASSYNT

P. vulgaris Huds. (107, 108) Primrose
Woods and banks. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

109

Lysimachia L.

L. nemorum L. (107, 108) Yellow Pimpernel

Woods and banks. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. vulgaris L. (107) Yellow Loosestrife
Near old garden. An escape.
Dornoch ( Badnanish)

Trientalis L.

T. europaea L. (107, 108) Chickweed Wintergreen

Woods and moorland. Widely but sparsely distributed. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Anagallis L.

A. tenella (L.) L. (108) Bog Pimpernel
In bogs, marshy area and stream sides. Occasional.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. arvensis L. (107) Scarlet Pimpernel
In fields. Rare.
CREICH

Creich ( Rosehall)
Clyne ( Brora)

Glaux L.

G. maritima L. (107, 108) Sea-milkwort

Salt marshes, sandy and stony shores. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ——- ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

OLEACEAE
Fraxinus L.

F. excelsior L. (107, 108) Ash

Woodlands. Frequent in east, sparse (introduced ) in north-west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

110

Ligustrum L.

L. vulgare L. (107, 108) Wild Privet

Introduced.

CREICH ROGART —— GOLSPIE LOTH

ASSYNT —— = TONGUE FARR
GENTIANACEAE

Centaurium Hill

C. littorale (D. Turner) Gilmour (107) Seaside Centaury
Damp sandy places by the sea. Very rare.
== === — == DORNOCH

Dornoch (Dornoch Links, south shore of Loch Fleet)

Gentianella Moench

G. campestris (L.) Borner (107, 108) Field Gentian
Grassland and dunes. Frequent by the sea.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

G. amarella (L.) Borner. Autumn Gentian or Felwort
Dunes and sandy pastures by the sea.

sub sp. druceana Pritchard (107, 108)

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ——
TONGUE FARR

sub sp. septentrionalis (Druce) Pritchard (107, 108)
CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

G. pulchra Brummet & Heywood (108)

ASSYNT —— —_—— ——= a

MENYANTHACEAE
Menyanthes L.

M. trifoliata L. (107, 108) Bogbean

Marshes, bogs and lake-margins. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

111

BORAGINACEAE
Symphytum L.

S. officinale L. (107, 108) Common Comfrey

Wet grassy places and ditches. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE FARR

S. tuberosum L. (107) Tuberous Comfrey
Roadside. Rare.

Kildonan (Kinbrace)

Pentaglottis Tausch

P. sempervirens (L.) Tausch (107, 108) Green Alkanet
Hedges and roadsides. Occasional.

LAIRG GOLSPIE —— LOTH
ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE ——

Lycopsis L.

L. arvensis L. (107, 108) Bugloss

In cultivated fields. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Myosotis L.

M. seorpioides L. (107, 108) Water Forget-me-not

In wet places, ditches, ponds. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

M. secunda A. Murr. (107, 108) Creeping Forget-me-not

In wet peaty places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

M. caespitosa K. F. Schultz (107, 108) Tufted Forget-me-not

In marshes and ponds. Frequent but absent from the interior.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

112

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

M. arvensis (L.) Hill (107, 108) Field Forget-me-not

In cultivated fields, dunes and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

M. discolor Pers. (107, 108) Changing Forget-me-not or

Yellow and Blue Forget-me-not

In dry bare waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

M. ramosissima Rochel (107) Early Forget-me-not
Waste places. Rare.

=e GOLSPIE CLYNE

Golspie (Golspie )
Clyne ( Brora)

Mertensia Roth

M. maritima (L.) Gray (107, 108) Northern Shore-wort or Oyster Plant
On coastal shingle. Rare. Decreasing.

GOLSPIE —— LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE FARR

Golspie (Dunrobin, 1903, G.C.D., very scarce, now extinct )

Loth ( Loth, 1965, M.M., one plant)

Kildonan (Helmsdale, 1845, D.R., now extinct )

Assynt (Inverkirkaig, 1886, A.G.; Clachtoll, 1956, J.A.)

Lddrachillis (Sandwood, 1919, now extinct)

Tongue (Skerray, 1956, J.A., two plants)

Farr (Kirtomy, 1895, ES.M. & F.J.H., 1954, J.A., now extinct)

CONVOLVULACEAE

Convolvulus L.

‘C. arvensis L. (107) Field Bindweed
Recorded by H. C. Watson without locality.

Calystegia R. Br.

C. sepium (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Hedge Bindweed or Larger Bindweed
Hedges and waste places. Occasional.

DORNOCH —— ——_ — _ KILDONAN
—— — FARR

ASSYNT

113

C. silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. (107) Large Bindweed
Hedges. Occasional.
LAIRG a GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN.

C. pulchra Brummitt & Heywood (108) Hairy Bindweed
Assynt (Inchnadamph)

SOLANACEAE
Lycium L.

L. chinense Mill. (108) China Teaplant or Duke of Argyll’s Tea-plant
On wall at roadside. An escape.
Durness ( Balnakiel )

Hyoscyamus L.

H. niger L. (107) Henbane
In waste ground. Casual.
Golspie (Golspie, 1898, H.S.M. & W.A.S.)

Solanum L.

S. duleamara L. (107, 108) Bittersweet
On waste ground. An escape.

Creich (Bonar Bridge, 1962, J.A.)
Assynt ( Lochinver, 1944)

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1897, E.S.M.)

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Verbascum L.

V. thapsus L. (107) Great Mullein or Aaron’s Rod
On waste ground. Casual.
Golspie (Golspie, 1888, J.G., 1898, HSM. & W.AS.)

Limaria Mill.

L. vulgaris Mill. (107, 108) Common Toadflax

On railway banks. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— _ KILDONAN
FARR

Cymbalaria Hill

C. muralis Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. (107, 108) Ivy-leaved Toadfiax
On walls. Garden escape.

114

a —_ 1 —§-—— GOLSPIE —— —_- s ——-_—- ——
EDDRACHILLIS —— FARR

Golspie (Golspie, Litile Ferry)

Eddrachillis (Scourte )

Farr (Melvich)

Scrophularia L.

S. nodosa L. (107, 108) Common Figwort

Damp woods, banks and ditches. Occasional in south and east. Very
local in north and west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — FARR

Mimulus L.

M. guttatus DC. (107, 108) Monkeyflower

Banks of streams. Introduced. Established in many localities. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

M. luteus L. (107, 108) Blood-drop-emlets
Banks of streams. Introduced. Much less frequent than WM. guttatus.
LAIRG LOTH KILDONAN

ASSYNT

DURNESS TONGUE FARR

M. moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl. (107, 108) Musk

Banks of streams and ditches. Introduced. Occasional, near gardens.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART GOLSPIE KILDONAN
—- DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Erinus L.

K. alpinus L. (108) Fairy Foxglove
Introduced.
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1959, D.P.Y.)

Digitalis L.

D. purpurea L. (107, 108) Foxglove

In woods, heaths and banks. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Veronica L.

V. beccabunga L. (107, 108) Brooklime
115

In ditches and streams. Occasional.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR

V. anagallis-aquatica L. (108) Blue Water-speedwell
In streams. Rare.

DURNESS —— ——
Durness ( Balnakeil, Eriboll)

V. scutellata L. (107, 108) Marsh Speedwell

Wet places, ditches, ponds and bogs. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. officinalis L. (107, 108) Heath Speedwell

Dunes, heaths and woods. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. chamaedrys L. (107, 108) Germander Speedwell

Woods, pastures, dunes and roadsides. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. serpyllifolia L. (107, 108) Thyme-leaved Speedwell

sub sp. serpyllifolia
Grasslands and waste places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. humifusa (Dickson) Syme

Damp places on mountains. Occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. arvensis L. (107, 108) Wall Speedwell

Cultivated fields. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. hederifolia L. (107, 108) Ivy-leaved Speedwell

In waste places. Occasional.

DORNOCH —— —_—- ss ———
ASSYNT —— a —— FARR

116

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

V. persica Poir. (107, 108) Common Field-speedwell or
Buxbaum’s Speedwell

In cultivated fields. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. polita Fr. (108) Grey Field-speedwell
Waste ground. Rare.

—— == DURNESS —— FARR

V. agrestis L. (107, 108) Green Field-speedwell
Cultivated ground. Occasional.

LAIRG DORNOCH ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

V. filiformis Sm. (107, 108) Slender Speedwell
At roadsides amongst grass. Casual, rare.

DORNOCH
ASSYNT —— ee TONGUE FARR

Pedicularis L.

P. palustris L. (107, 108) Marsh Lousewort or Red-rattle
In marshes. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. sylvatica L. (107, 108) Lousewort

Damp heaths and moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Rhinanthus L.

R. serotinus (Sch6nh) Oborny (108) Greater Yellow-rattle
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1923, G.C.D.)

R. minor L. (107, 108) Yellow-rattle

Grassy places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. stenophyllus (Schur.) O. Schwarz (107, 108)

Damp grassy places. Common.

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

117

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. monticola (Sterneck) O. Schwarz (107, 108)

Grassy places. Common.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ——
ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. borealis (Sterneck) Druce. (107, 108)

Grassy places on hills, at sea-level on north coast. Occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

Melampyrum L.

M. pratense L. (107, 108) Common Cow-wheat

sub sp. pratense var hians Druce.

Woods and heaths. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Euphrasia L.

E. officinalis L. (107, 108) Eyebright

Heaths, moors and screes. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. micrantha x nemorosa Durness.

E. scottica Wettst. (107, 108)

On wet moors. Not uncommon in the north and west, rare in the east.
Ascends to 2000 ft on Ben More.
CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KE. frigida Pugsl. (107, 108)
Rocky places on mountains. Ascends to 2500 ft on Ben More. Rare.
CREICH
ASSYNT
Creich (Ben More)
Assynt (Craig Liath)
Durness (Ben Hope)
)
)

DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Tongue (Ben Loyal
Farr (Ben Klibreck

E. frigida x micrantha. Ben Loyal
E. frigida x scottica. Ben Hope

118

E. foulaensis Townsend ex Wettst. (107, 108)
Coastal pastures and salt marshes. Occasional.
DORNOCH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Dornoch (Dornoch, Loch Fleet)

Eddrachillis (Handa)

Durness (Smoo)

Tongue (Kyle of Tongue)

Farr (Invernaver, Bettyhill, Farr, Strathy & Melvich)

E. foulaensis x marshallii. Bettyhill
E. foulaensis x nemorosa. Melness

E. rotundifolia Pugsl. (108)
Grassy sea-cliffs. Very rare.

EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Eddrachillis (Sandwood )

Durness ( Balnakeil)

Tongue (Scullomie )

Farr (Port Skerra)

E. marshallii Pugsl. (108)
Grassy places on sea-cliffs. Occasional on north coast, sparse on west.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

K. marshallii x micrantha. Eddrachillis, Durness and Tongue
K. marshallii x brevipila. Durness and Farr
KE. marshallii x nemorosa. Tongue and Farr

E. curta (Fr.) Wettst. (107, 108)

Pastures near the sea and on mountain slopes. Occasional.
DORNOCH
ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR

E. curta x brevipila. Tongue and Dornoch

EK. nemorosa ( Pers.) Wallr. (107, 108)

Pastures, dunes, heaths. Occasional.

— DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— ——
—— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. nemorosa x brevipila. Farr
E. nemorosa x marshallii. Farr

119

EK. confusa Pugsl. (107, 108)

Moorland and coastal pastures. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— ——
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. brevipila Burnat & Gremli (107, 108)

Pastures, fields and roadsides. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

EK. brevipila x micrantha. Assynt, Eddrachillis, Durness, Farr, Dornoch
E. brevipila x curta. Dornoch

var. reayensis Pugsl. (108)
Pastures. Occasional.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Assynt (Achmelvich)

Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore )

Tongue (Melness)

Farr (Bettyhill, Farr, Armadale & Port Skerra)

E. brevipila var. reayensis x marshallii. Assynt and Farr
E. brevipila var. reayensis x micrantha. Assynt
E. brevipila var. reayensis x nemorosa. Farr and Tongue

Odontites Ludw.

O. verna (Bellardi) Dumort sub sp. verna (107, 108) Red Bartsia
Cultivated fields and roadsides in coastal areas. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

OROBANCHACEAE
Orobanche L

O. alba Steph. ex Willd. (108) Thyme Broomrape or Red Broomrape
On sea cliffs. Very rare.
Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore )

LENTIBULARIACEAE
Pinguicula L.

P. lusitanica L. (107, 108) Pale Butterwort
In bogs. Frequent in the west.

120

CREICH LAIRG —— = — aap KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Common Butterwort

Bogs, wet heaths. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Ultricularia L.

U. neglecta Lehm. (108) Greater Bladderwort
In lochans. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —
Assynt (Little Assynt, 1939, P.M.H., Stoer, 1944, A.J.W.)
Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1952, M.McC.W.)

Durness ( Farrmheal, 1960, D.A.R.)

U. intermedia Hayne (108) Intermediate Bladderwort
In lochs and lochans. Frequent in the north and west.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

U. minor L. (108) Lesser Bladderwort
In lochans. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS — sas
Assynt (1833, R.G., Achumore, 1886, A.G.)
Eddrachillis (Scourie, 1939, P.M.H. & E.C.W.)

LABIATAE
Mentha L.

M. arvensis L. (107, 108) Corn Mint
In cultivated fields. Rare.

LAIRG =—= === — == KILDONAN
om aas == — > TONGUE FARR

M. x verticillata L. (108)
Near gardens. Local.
Tongue ( Tongue)

M. x gentilis L. (108)
Sides of ditches. Local.
Assynt (Stoer, 1944, A.J.W.)

121

M. aquatica L. (107, 108) Water Mint
Ditches, marshes, streams and lakes. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

M. x piperita L. (108) Peppermint
var. piperita

Sides of ditches. Local.

Tongue ( Tongue)

Farr ( Bettyhill, Melvich)

M. spicata L. (107, 108) Spear Mint

Damp places. An escape.

ROGART DORNOCH —— CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR

M. x cordifolia Opiz (107)
Damp places. Local.
Kildonan ( Helmsdale )

M. xniliaca Jussex Jacq. (107, 108)
Damp places. Local.

Clyne (Strath Brora, 1948, W.A.T.)
Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.)
Farr (Melvich)

Lycopus L.
L. europaeus L. (107, 108) Gipsywort
Damp places. Rare.

reanESae aaa eS LOTH
== EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ==

Thymus L.

T. drucei Ronn. (107, 108) Wild Thyme

Dry grassland, dunes, heaths and screes. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Acinos Mill

A. arvensis (Lam.) Dandy (107) Basil Thyme
122

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

On railway-bank. Casual.
Oreich (Invershin, 1890, ES.M. & F.J.H.)

Prunella L.

P. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Selfheal

Grassy places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Stachys L.

S. arvensis (L.) L. (107, 108) Field Woundwort

In cultivated fields. Rare.

EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Kildonan (Helmsdale, 1889, W.R.L.)

Eddrachillis (Kinlochbervie, 1952, M.McC.W.)
Durness (Durness, 1887, E.S.M.)

Tongue (Tongue, 1835, H.C.W.)

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1890, W.F.M.)

S. palustris L. (107, 108) Marsh Woundwort

Ditches, marshes. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. sylvatica L. (107, 108) Hedge Woundwort

Woods and damp shady places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. x ambigua Sm. (S. palustris x sylvatica) (107, 108)
Ditches. Occasional.

LAIRG —— DORNOCH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Lamium L.

L. amplexicaule L. (107, 108) Henbit Dead-netile
Cultivated fields. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. molucellifolium Fr. (107, 108) Northern Dead-nettle

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

123

Cultivated fields. Occasional.
LAIRG —— CLYNE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. hybridum Vill. (108) Cut-leaved Dead-nettle
In cultivated field. Rare.

Sa FARR

L. purpureum L. (107, 108) Red Dead-nettle
Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. album L. (108) White Dead-nettle
Waste places. Casual.

EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE ——
Eddrachillis (Kinlochbervie, 1952, M.McC.W.)
Durness (Durness)

Tongue (Tongue, 1845, H.M.McK., 1888, A.G.)

Galeopsis L.

G. tetrahit L. (107, 108) Common Hemp-nettle
Fields and waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DORNOCH TONGUE FARR

G. bifida Boenn. (107, 108) Hemp-nettle
Fields and waste places. Occasional.
CREICH

= —> DURNESS —— FARR

G. speciosa Mill. (108) Large-flowered Hemp-nettle
Fields and waste places. Rare.

= EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —
Glechoma L.

G. hederacea L. (107, 108) Ground Ivy

Woods. Occasional.

CREICH ROGART GOLSPIE CLYNE
— DURNESS —— ——

124

LOTH

LOTH

LOTH

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Scutellaria L.

S. galericulata L. (107, 108) Skullcap
Wet grassy places. Occasional.

CREICH ROGART
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

Teucrium L.

T. scorodonia L. (107, 108) Wood Sage

Woods, dry heaths, dunes and screes. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Ajuga L.

A. reptans L. (107, 108) Bugle

Damp woods and banks. Ascends to 1400 ft on Ben Griam. Occasional.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR

A. pyramidalis L. (107, 108) Pyramidal Bugle

Ledges on basic rocks. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR

PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago L.

P. major L. (107, 108) Greater Plantain

Fields, roadsides and waste places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. lanceolata L. (107, 108) Ribwort Plantain

Grassy places, dunes, roadsides and waste places. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. maritima L. (107, 108) Sea Plantain
Salt marshes, sea-cliffs, dunes, rocks and pastures on mountains.
Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

125

P. coronopus L. (107, 108) Buck’s-horn Plantain

Sandy and stony places and cliffs by the sea. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Littorella Berg.

L. uniflora (L.) Aschers. (107, 108) Shoreweed

Sandy and gravelly shores of lakes. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula L.

C. latifolia L. (107) Giant Bellflower
Woods. Rare.
Golspie ( Dunrobin)

C. rapunculoides L. (107) Creeping Campunula or Creeping Bellflower
Near gardens. Escape.

Dornoch ( Ferrytown )

Kildonan (Kildonan)

C. rotundifolia L. (107, 108) Bluebell or Harebell

Pastures, banks, dunes, heaths. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Lobelia L.

L. dortmanna L. (107, 108) Water Lobelia

Gravelly margins of lakes. Common.

LAIRG ROGART —— CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

RUBIACEAE
Sherardia L.

S. arvensis L. (107, 108) Field Madder

Fields. Occasional.

CREICH ROGART —— —— CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE ——

126

Galium L.

G. odoratum (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Woodruff

Woods and shady banks. Occasional.

ROGART DORNOCH —— —_—- Ss ——
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

G. boreale L. (107, 108) Northern Bedstraw

Banks of streams. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ee

G. mollugo L. sub sp. mollugo (107) Great Hedge Bedstraw
Roadsides. Introduced. Rare.

ae LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH —— —_ —s/- ———
sub sp. erectum Syme. (107) Erect Hedge Bedstraw
Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.)

G. verum L. (107, 108) Lady’s Bedstraw

Dry grassy places and dunes. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

G. saxatile L. (107, 108) Heath Bedstraw

Grassy places and heaths. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

G. sterneri Ehrend. (107, 108) Limestone Bedstraw or Slender Bedstraw

On calcareous grassland on hills. Occasional.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR

G. palustre L. (107, 108) Common Marsh-bedstraw

Marshes and ditches. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

G. aparine L. (107, 108) Cleavers or Goosegrass

Roadsides, waste places, shingle beaches. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

127

CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Sambucus L.

S. ebulus L. (107) Dwarf Elder or Danewort
At roadside. Introduced. Rare.
Golspie (Golspie, 1962, M.McC.W.)

8. nigra L. (107, 108) Elder

Amongst scrub, roadsides and waste places. Always near houses.

Very sparse in the north and west. Introduced.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Viburnum L.

V. opulus L. (107, 108) Guelder Rose
Amongst scrub. Rare.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ee
Creich ( Rosehall)

Assynt (Inchnadamph)

Eddrachillis (Glendhu)

Durness (Koeldale )

Symphoricarpos Duham

S. rivularis Suksd. (107, 108) Snowberry
Garden escape.

Kildonan (Suisgill )

Tongue ( Tongue)

Linnaea L.

L. borealis L. (107) Twinflower or Linnaea
In coniferous woods. Very rare.

GOLSPIE —— ===

Golspie (Golspie, 1888, J.G., 1960, J.A.)

Lonicera L.

L. periclymenum L. (107, 108) Honeysuckle

Woods, hedges. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

128

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

ADOXACEAE
Adoxa L.

A. moschatellina L. (108) Moschatel or Townhall Clock
Assynt (Knockan, 1895, G.S.D.) No recent record.

VALERIANACEAE
Valerianella Mill.

V. locusta (L.) Betcke (107, 108) Common Cornsalad or Lamb’s Lettuce

Dunes and fields. Rare.

_—— GOLSPIE
EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS ——
Golspie (Strathsteven, 1588, J.G..)

Valeriana L.

V. officinalis L. (107, 108) Common Valerian
Ditches and amongst scrub. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

DIPSACACEAE
Knautia L.

K. arvensis (L.) Coult. (108) Field Scabious
Fields and dunes. Occasional.

ee we. FararT DURNESS TONGUE

Succisa Haller

CLYNE
FARR

FARR

8. pratensis Moench (107, 108) Devil’s-bit Scabious

Damp pastures, heaths. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

COMPOSITAE

Senecio L.

S. jacobaea L. (107, 108) Common Ragwort

CLYNE
FARR

Pastures, dunes, waste places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE
var. discoideus Koch. On the north coast.

CLYNE
FARR

LOTH

LOTH

LOTH

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

129

S. aquaticus Hill (107, 108) Marsh Ragwort

Marshes, ditches, banks of streams. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. sylvaticus L. (107, 108) Heath or Wood Groundsel

KILDONAN

Open grassy places. Frequent in the east, sparse in north and west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— FARR

S. viscosus L. (107) Sticky Groundsel or Stinking Groundsel
Waste places. Occasional.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——

S. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Groundsel

Waste ground, gardens, cultivated fields. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Tussilago L.

T. farfara L. (107, 108) Colt’s-foot

Waste places, screes, dunes, banks, shingle. Common.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Petasites Mill.

P. albus (L.) Gaertn. (107) White Butterbur
On roadside. Garden escape.
Dornoch ( Dornoch)

Filago L.
F. germanica (L.) L. (107) Common Cudweed
Dry heaths. Very rare.

Clyne ( Brora)

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

F. minima (Sm.) Pers. (107) Slender Cudweed or Small Cudweed

Sandy heaths and fields. Occasional.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ——

130

KILDONAN

Gnaphalium L.

G. sylvaticum L. (107, 108) Heath or Wood Cudweed

Heaths and woods. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

G. supinum L. (107, 108) Dwarf Cudweed
Bare places on mountain tops. Frequent.
CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

G. uliginosum L. (107, 108) Marsh Cudweed
Damp fields and heaths. Occasional.

== === —s KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS ==> TONGUE FARR

Antennaria Gaertn.

A. dioica (L.) Gaertn. (107, 108) Mountain Everlasting or Cat’s-foot

Dry pastures, heaths, dunes and on mountains. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Solidago L.

8. virgaurea L. (107, 108) Goldenrod

Dunes, pastures, banks and rocks. From sea-level to 3000 ft. Common.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Aster L.

A. tripolium L. (107, 108) Sea Aster

Salt-marshes. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Bellis L.

B. perennis L. (107, 108) Daisy

Grasslands, roadsides. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

131

Eupatorium L.

E. cannabinum L. (108) Hemp-agrimony
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1833, H.C.W.)

Anthemis L.

A. tinctoria L. (107) Yellow Chamomile
On railway bank. Casual.
Creich (Invershin, 1890, ES... & F.J.H.)

Achillea L.

A. millefolium L. (107, 108) Yarrow

Fields, roadsides, dunes. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. ptarmica L. (107, 108) Sneezewort

Damp meadows, ditches. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Tripleurospermum Schultz Bip.

T. maritimum (L.) Koch (107, 108) Scentless Mayweed

sub sp. maritimum

Dunes, shingle beaches and sea-cliffs. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

sub sp. inodorum (L.) Hyland. ex Vaarama

Fields and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
a DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Matricaria L.

M. recutita L. (107) Scented Mayweed or Wild Chamomile
Railway bank. Casual.
Golspie (Golspie, 1888, J.G.)

M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter (107, 108) Pineapple weed or

Rayless Mayweed
Waysides, waste places, fields. Common.

132

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Chrysanthemum L.

C. segetum L. (107, 108) Corn Marigold

In cultivated fields. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. leucanthemum L. (107, 108) Oxeye Daisy

Fields, waysides, dunes. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. parthenium (L.) Bernh. (107, 108) Feverfew

Roadsides, walls. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. vulgare (L.) Bernh. (107, 108) Tansy

Waste places, near gardens. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Artemisia L.

A. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Mugwort

Fields and waste places near the sea. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. absinthium L. (108) Wormwood
In old neglected garden.
Assynt (Achmelvich)

Arctium L.

A. minus Bernh. Lesser Burdock

sub sp. nemorosum (Lejeune) Syme (107, 108)

Waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

133

Carduus L.

C. tenuiflorus Curt. (107) Slender Thistle
Waste places near the sea. Occasional.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——— —— _ KILDONAN

C. nutans L. (108) Musk Thistle
Casual (one plant)
Assynt ( Lochinver )

Cirsium Mill.

C. vulgare (Savi) Ten. (107, 108) Spear Thistle

Waste places, roadsides. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. palustre (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Marsh Thistle

Marshes, ditches, wet woods. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. arvense (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Creeping Thistle

Fields, waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. heterophyllum (L.) Hill (107, 108) Melancholy Thistle

Wet places by streams, on banks and hills. Frequent.

CREICH ROGART CLYNE —— ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Saussurea DC.

S. alpina (L.) DC. (107, 108) Alpine Saw-wort or Alpine Saussurea
Mountain rocks and cliffs. Descends to 400 ft. Occasional.

CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

Centaurea L.

C. scabiosa L. (108) Greater Knapweed
Fields and dunes. Occasional on north coast.

= EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

134

C. cyanus L. (107, 108) Cornflower

Cornfields. Rare. Extinct in v.c. 108.

GOLSPIE —— LOTH
ASSYNT os —- FARR

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1899, G.ES.)

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1888, W.C.)

C. nigra L. sub sp. nigra (107, 108) Common Knapweed or
Lesser Knapweed

Waysides, fields. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Lapsana L.

L. communis L. (107, 108) Nipplewort

Waysides, waste places and fields. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Hypochoeris L.

H. radicata L. (107, 108) Cat’s-ear

Pastures, dunes, roadsides. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Leontodon L.

L. autumnalis L. (107, 108) Autumn Hawkbit

Pastures, dunes, roadsides. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

var. autumnalis. Roadsides and walls mainly in the east.
var. pratensis. Pastures in the north and west.
var. simplex. Short coastal turf on the north coast.

L. hispidus L. (107) Rough Hawkbit
Pastures. Rare.

ROGART —— — ——— ———

Rogart ( Rogart)
Kildonan ( Helmsdale )

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

135

L. taraxacoides (Vill) Mérat (108) Hairy Hawkbit or Lesser Hawkbit
On sandy ground. Rare.
Eddrachillis (Sheigra, 1966, A.G.K.)

Tragopogon L.

T. pratensis L. sub sp. minor ( Mill.) Wahlenb. (108) Goat’s-beard
Dunes. Occasional.

—= EDDRACHILLIS == TONGUE FARR

Mycelis Cass.

M. muralis (L.) Dumort. (107) Wall Lettuce
Roadside. Casual.
Dornoch (Dornoch, 1966, J.A.)

Sonchus L.

S. arvensis L. (107, 108) Field Milk-Thistle or Perennial Sow-thistle
Cultivated fields, wet sandy shores. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——_ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. oleraceus L. (107, 108) Smooth Sow-Thistle

Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR .

S. asper (L.) Hill (107, 108) Prickly Sow-thistle

Cultivated fields, waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Hieracium L.

Sub-genus Pilosella ( Hill.) S. F. Gray
Section Pilosellina Pugsl.

H. pilosella L. (107, 108) Mouse-ear Hawkweed

Grassy places, banks, walls, heaths. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

var. concinnatum F. J. Hanb. (108)

136

Assynt (Knockan, 1958, M.McC.W., Inchnadamph, 1959, C.W..,
Culkein—Drumbeg, 1964, A.G.K.)

Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore, 1964, A.G.K.)

Durness ( Balnakeil, 1959, C.W.)

Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, C.W.)

var. tricholepium (Neag & Petes) Pugsl. (108)
Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1959, C.W., Culkein—Drumbeg, 1964, A.G.K.)

Sub-genus Hieracium
Section Alpina Fries

H. holosericeum Backh. (107, 108)
Grassy slopes and rock-ledges at an altitude of 2500 ft or more.
Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1827, R.G.)
Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1900, T.J.F., Glass Beinn, 1960, A.G.K.)
Durness (Ben Hope, 1888, J.C.M.)

H. eximium Backh. var. tenellum Backh. (Druce) (108)
On rocky ledges over 2000 ft.
Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1897, E.S.M.)

H. gracilentum Backh. (108)

On rocky ledges or grassy slopes usually over 2500 ft.
Assynt (Canisp, 1890, E.S.M.)

Eddrachillis (Craig Riabbach and An Grianan, 1964, A.G.K.)

H. globosiflorum Pugsl. var. globosiflorum Pugsl. (108)
On rocky ledges and grassy slopes usually over 2500 ft.
Assynt (Canisp, 1890, E.S.M.)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M.)

H. marginatum P. D. Sell & C. West (108)
On rocky ledges usually over 2500 ft.
Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, E.S.M.)

Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1897, E.S.M.)

H. pseudocurvatum (Zahn) Pugsl. (108)

On rocky ledges or grassy slopes usually over 2500 ft.
Durness (Ben Hope, 1590, E.F.L.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, H.S.M.)

Section Subalpina Pugsl.

H. lingulatum Backh. ex Hook e Arnott (108)

137

Rocky ledges and stream sides over 2500 ft.

Assynt (Hills round Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M., 1957, R.C.P.)
Durness (Ben Hope, 1888, F.J.H., Foinaven and Carnstackie, 1964,
A.G.K.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, E.S.M., 1953, C.W.)

H. hyparcticoides Pugsl. (108)

Rocky banks by streams.

Assynt (Hills and streams round Inchnadamph, 1890 & 1908, E.S.M.,
1957, C.W.)

H. callistophyllum F. J. Hanb. (107)
On stream sides and rocky ledges.
Creich (Oykell Bridge and Lubcroy, 1908, E.S.M.)

Section Cerinthoidea Fries

H. anglicum Fries (107, 108)

Rocky ledges, grassy banks and stream sides.

Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, M.McC.W.)

Assynt (Knockan, Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M.)

Durness (Koeldale, Ben Hope, 1953, M.C.F.P. & K.M.G.)
Tongue (Ben Loyal)

Farr (Farr Bay, 1951, C.W.)

H. hebridense Pugsl. (108)

Rocky streams, grassy banks and cliff-ledges.

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1899, C.E.S., 1908, E.S.M., 1950, C.W.)
Durness (Ben Hope, H.W.P.)

H. ampliatum (W. R. Linton) A. Ley (108)

Cliff-ledges and rocky streams.

Assynt ( Lochinver, 1890, E.S.M., Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M.)
Eddrachillis (Craig Riabbach, 1964, A.G.K.)

Durness (Ben Hope, Loch Eriboll, 1964, A.G.K.)

Tongue (Tongue Bay, 1897, E.S.M.)

Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1897, E.S.M.)

H. langwellense F. J. Hanb. (107, 108)

Rocky banks of streams.

Creich (Streams round Oykell Bridge, 1908, E.S.M., 1953, C.W.)
Lairg ( Lairg, H.W.P.)

Kildonan ( Torrish, 1957, M.McC.W., Helmsdale, 1888, E.F.L.)
Assynt (Streams round Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M.)

Durness ( Ben Hope)

138

H. shoolbredii E. S. Marshall (108)

Rock-ledges and rocky banks of streams.

Assynt (Knockan, 1923, R.H.W., Elphin, Inchnadamph, 1899, C.E.S.,
1908, E.S.M., 1950, C.W., 1956, R.A.G., Kylesku, 1890, F.J.H.)
Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1957, M.McC.W., Craig Riabbach, 1964, A.G.K.)
Durness (Kearvaig & Koeldale, 1964, A.G.K., Durness, 1951, C.W.,
Smoo, 1923, R.H.W., 1951, C.W., Foinaven, 1964, C.W., Ben Hope,
1953, M.C.F.P.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, H.S.M. & W.A.S., 1953, C.W.)

Farr (Invernaver, 1886, E.S.M., Bettyhill, 1888, H.F.L., 1955,
M.McC.W., Farr Bay, 1915, E.S.M., 1951, C.W.)

H. iricum Fries (107, 108)

Rock-ledges, rocky banks of streams and grassy slopes.

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1953, C.W.)

Assynt (Knockan, Lochinver, Skiag Bridge, Stoer, I =p capa 1956,
R.A.G. & R.M.H.)

Durness (Durness, 1856, D.O., 1887, E.S.M., Balnakeil)

Tongue (Coldbackie )

Farr (Invernaver, 1891, E.S.M., Farr Bay, 1953, M.McC.W., Melvich,
1952, C.W. &J.WC.)

Section Oreadea Zahn.

H. schmidtii Tausch (108)

Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1960, A.G.K.)

Farr (Invernaver, 1886, E.S.M., Bettyhill, 1888, E.F.L., Farr Bay, 1952,
C.W., Melvich, 1952, C.W.)

H. nitidum Backh. (107, 108)

Rocky ledges.

Kildonan (Ben Griam, 1900, E.S.M.)

Assynt (Unapool, 1908, E.S.M., Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M.,
Culkein—Drumbeg, 1964, A.G.K.)

Eddrachillis ( Badcall, 1585, F.J.H., Oldshoremore & Rhiconich, 1964,
A.G.K.)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M., 1888, F.J.H., Fashven, 1964, A.G.K.)
Tongue (Tongue, 1901, E.S.M).

Farr (Invernaver, 1897, ES.M. & W.A.S., Farr Bay, 1915, E.S.M.,
1915, C.W., Melvich, 15897, E.S.M.)

H. argenteum Fries (107, 108)

Rocky ledges, stream sides, grassy slopes and sand dunes.
Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1908, E.S.M.)

Golspie (Strathsteven, 1888, J.G., Golspie)

139

Clyne ( Brora, 1897, E.S.M.)

Assynt (Knockan, 1894, G.C.D., Inchnadamph, 1897, E.S.M., Quinag,
1962, A.G.K.)

Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1962, A.G.K.)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1888, F.J.H., Loch Hope, 1900, E.S.M., Durness,'
1946, C.W.M.)

Tongue ( Talmine, 1897, E.S.M., Tongue, 1897, H.S.M., Scullomie, 1900,
E.S.M., Coldbackie, 1897, H.S.M., Skerray, 1900, E.S.M.)

Farr (Altnaharra, 1885 & 1915, H.S.M., Bettyhill, 1888, W.R.L., 1899,
ES.M., Farr Bay, 1951, C.W., Armadale, 1915, E.S.M., Kirtomy,
Melvich, 1951, C.W., Strathy, 1956, J.A.)

H. scoticum F. J. Hanb. (108)

Rocky ledges and grassy banks.

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1908, W.A.S.)

Tongue (Skerray, 1900, W.A.S.)

Farr (Farr Bay, 1897, W.R.L., 1951, C.W., Kirtomy, 1897, E.S.M.,
Armadale, 1888, W.R.L., Strathy, 1888, J.C.M., 1915, E.S.M., Melvich,
1915, F.J.H., 1951, C.W.)

Section Suboreadea Pugs.

H. jovimontis (Zahn) Roffey (108)
Rocky ledges and banks.

Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore, 1964, A.G.K.)
Durness (Heilam Ferry, F.J.H.)

Farr (Altnaharra & Bettyhill, T.J.F.)

H. saxorum (F. J. Hanb.) Sell & West (107, 108)
Rocky ledges and stream sides.

Dornoch (Mound, 1962, M.McC.W.)

Tongue (Kinloch, 1897, E.S.M.)

H. dicella Sell & West (107, 108)

Limestone rocks.

Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, M.McC.W.)

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1956, R.A.G. & R.M.H.)
Durness ( Durness, 1956, J.A., Smoo, 1951, C.W.)

H. sarcophylloides Dahlst. (108)

Limestone cliffs.

Durness (Smoo, 1900, E.S.M., Seamraig, 1964, A.G.K.)
Farr (Alinaharra, 1888, J.C.)

Section Vulgata F. N. Williams
140

H. prolixum Noorlin (108)

Rocky ledges and sandhills.
Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, H.S.M.)
Tongue (Achininver, 1897, E.S.M.)

H. subtenue (W. R. Linton) Roffey (107, 108)

Rocky ledges and stream sides.

Creich (Streams round Oykell Bridge, 1908, W.A.S.)

Eddrachillis (Craig Riabbach, 1964, A.G.K.)

Assynt (Stoer, 1956, R.A.G., Canisp, 1899, C.E.S., Inchnadamph, 1908,
E.S.M.)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M., Fashven, 1964, A.G.K.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1900, E.S.M.)

H. aggregatum Backh. (108)
Rocky ledges.
Tongue (Skerray, E.S.M.) fide Pugsl.

H. camptopetalum (F. J. Hanb.) Sell & West (108)

Rocky stream sides and cliffs.

Assynt (Kylesku, 1908, E.S.M., Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M., 1951, C.W.)
Durness (Streams by Ben Hope, 1888, J.C.M., 1952, C.W.)

H. duriceps F. J. Hanb. (107, 108)

Rocky cliffs, stream sides and grassy banks.

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1952, C.W.)

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, E.S.M.)

Farr (Altnaharra, 1888, F.J.H., Ben Klibreck, 1897, E.S.M., Bettyhill
& Farr Bay, 1910, E.S.M.)

H. pollinarium F. J. Hanb. (108)

Rocky ledges.

Farr (Strathnaver, 1888, J.C.M., Invernaver, 1886, F.J.H., Farr Bay,
1915, E.S.M.)

H. pictorum E. F. Linton (107, 108)
Rocky cliffs and stream sides.
Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1908, E.S.M.)
Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1900, E.S.M.)

H. pollinarioides Pugsl. (108)

Limestone rocks.

Assynt (Inverkirkaig, 1944, A.J.W., Lochinver, 1890, E.S.M., 1944,
A.J.W., Stoer, 1956, R.A.G., Clashnessie, 1956, R.A.G.)
Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore, 1964, A.G.K.)

141

Durness (Smoo, 1923, R.H.W., 1958, U.K.D., Balnakeil, 1959, C.W.,
Durness, 1900, E.S.M.)
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1953, M.McC.W.)

H. variicolor var. piligerum Pugsl. (108)

Rocky cliffs and stream sides.

Assynt (Culag, 1956, R.A.G., Inchnadamph, E.S.M.)
Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, H.S.M.)

H. dipteroides Dahlst. (108 )
Rocky cliffs and stream sides.
Assynt ( Beinn Garbh, 1908, W.A.S.)

H. rivale F. J. Hanb. (107, 108)

Rocky cliffs and stream sides.

Kildonan (Ben Griam Mor, 1963, M.McC.W.)

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, F.J.H., 1908, E.S.M.)
Eddrachillis (Craig Riabbach, 1964, A.G.K.)

Durness (Carnstackie & Beinn Spionnaidh, 1964, A.G.K.)

H. euprepes F. J. Hanb. (108)

Rocky places, sand dunes and grassy banks.

Assynt (Stoer, 1956, R.A.G.)

Eddrachillis (Cnoc na Glaic Torsain, 1964, A.G.K.)

Durness ( Balnakeil, 1953, M.C.F.P., Carnstackie & Farrmheal, 1964,
A.G.K.)

Tongue (Tongue Ferry, 1897, H.S.M. & W.AS., 1900, H.S.M.)

Farr (Invernaver, 1888, W.R.L., Armadale, 1915, E.S.M., Melwvich,
1897, E.S.M., Bettyhill, 1897, W.A.S.)

H. vennicontium Pugsl. (108)
Rocky stream sides.
Assynt (Ben Garbh, 1908, E.S.M.)

H. caesiomurorum Lindeb. (108)

Grassy banks and rocky stream sides.

Creich (1908, E.S.M.)

Assynt (Clachtoll, 1952, D.McC., Inchnadamph, 1900, C.E.S.)
Durness (Smoo, 1964, A.G.K.)

Tongue (Tongue & Ben Loyal, 1900, E.S.M.)

Farr (Forsinard, 1964, A.G.K.)

H. rubiginosum F. J. Hanb. (108)
Rocky stream sides.
Eddrachillis (Craig Ribbach & Rhiconich, 1962, A.G.K.)

142

H. cravoniense (F. J. Hanb.) Roffey (107, 108)
Grassy and rocky places.

Creich (Oykell Bridge, F.J.H.)

Dornoch ( Torboll, 1955, J.A.)

Tongue (Ardskinid, 1900, E.S.M.)

Farr (Farr Bay, 1951, C.W.)

H. fulvocaesium Pugsl. (108)
Grassy banks.
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1887, E.S.M., 1953, J.E.R.)

H. proximium F. J. Hanb. (108)
Sandhills.
Tongue (Melness, 1897, HSM. & W.AS.)

H. caledonicum F. J. Hanb. (108)

On rocky ledges and stream sides.

Assynt (Lochinver & Canisp, 1890, E.S.M., Inchnadamph, 1887, E.S.M.,
1908, H.S.M. & W.A.S., 1951, C.W.)

Durness ( Balnakeil, 1948, M.McC.W., Fashven, Inshore, Kearvaig,
1964, A.G.K.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, Melness, Tongue, 1897, E.S.M., Coldbackie, 1900,
E.S.M.)

Farr (Altnaharra, 1888, F.J.H., Strathnaver, 1888, J.C_.M., Bettyhill,
Kirtomy, Melvich, 1897, E.S.M., Farr Bay, 1915, E.S.M., Strathy, 1915,
E.S.M.)

H. vulgatum Fries (107, 108)

On rocks, grassy places, walls and dunes.

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1952, C.W. & J.W.C.)

Golspie (Golspie, 1950, C.W.)

Clyne ( Brora, 1950, C.W. & J.W.C.)

Kildonan (Ord, 1960, J.A.)

Assynt (Inchnadamph & Kylesku, 1908, E.S.M., Knockan, 1958,
M.McC.W., Lochinver, Stoer & Clashnessie, 1956, R.A.G. & R.M.H.,
Loch Assynt, 1953, P.F.Y., Achmelvich, 1955, J.A., 1943, A.J.W.)
Tongue (Melness, 1897, E.S.M.)

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1886, H.S.M., 1953, C.W. & J.W.C.)

H. angustisquamum (Pugsl.) Pugsl. (108)
On limestone.
Assynt (Ledmore, 1964, A.G.K.)

Section Alpestria Fries
143

H. dovrense Fries (108)

Rocky ledges.

Eddrachillis ( Rhiconich, 1964, A.G.K.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, E.S.M., 1953, J.L.R.)

Section Tridentata Fries

H. sparsifolium Lindeb. (107, 108)

Grassy banks and rocky places.

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1890, E.S.M., 1956, C.W.)
Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1923, R.H.W.)
Eddrachillis (Laxford Bridge)

Durness (Kearvaig, 1964, A.G.K.)

Tongue (Tongue, 1955, M.McC.W.)

Section Foliosa Pugsl.

H. latobrigorum (Zahn) Roffey (107, 108)

Grassy banks and rocks.

Creich (Bonar Bridge, H.W.P., Oykell Bridge, 1953, C.W.)

Clyne (Strath Brora, 1897, W.A.S.)

Durness (Koeldale, 1964, A.G.K.)

Tongue (Tongue, H.W.P.)

Farr (Altnaharra, 1887, E.S.M., Strathnaver, 1957, J.A., Bettyhill, 1952,
C.W., Farr, 1856, D.O., Armadale, Strathy, 1953, C.W., Melvich,

1953, C.W.)

H. subcrocatum (E. F. Linton) Roffey (107, 108)

Grassy places and banks of streams.

Clyne (Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.)

Assynt (Inverkirkaig, Achmelvich, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.)
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1954, J.E.R.)

H. strictiforme (Zahn) Roffey (108)

Grassy places and banks of streams.

Assynt (Inverkirkaig, 1944, AJ.W. & M.S.C., Inchnadamph, 1953, C.W.)
Durness (Inshore, Geodha Sligeach, 1964, A.G.K.)

Tongue (Melness, Tongue, Coldbackie, 1897, E.S.M.)

Farr (Altnaharra, 1889, W.F.M., 1897, E.S.M.)

H. reticulatum Lindeb. (107, 108)

Rocky banks of streams and grassy places.

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1953, C.W.)

Tongue (Tongue, 1897, E.S.M., Skerray, 1959, C.W.)

Farr (Altnaharra, 1887, E.S.M., Bettyhill, 1951, C.W., Strathy, 1915,
E.S.M., 1951, C.W.)

144

H. maritimum (F. J. Hanb.) F. J. Hanb. (108)
Grassy banks and sandy places.

Tongue (Skerray, 1900, E.S.M.)

Farr (Melwich, 1887, H.S.M., 1951, C.W.)

Section Umbellata F. N. Williams

H. umbellatum L. (108)

sub sp. umbellatum

Grassy and sandy places.
Farr (Farr Bay, 1827, R.G.)

Crepis L.

€. capillaris (L.) Wallr. (107, 108) Smooth Hawk’s-beard

Pastures, dunes, waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

€. paludosa (L.) Moench (107, 108) Marsh Hawk’s-beard

Wet grassy places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Taraxacum Weber

T. officinale Weber. (107, 108) Common Dandelion

Fields, waste places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

T. palustre (Lyons) DC. (107, 108) Narrow-leaved Marsh Dandelion
Marshes. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG —— DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
—_>—— —— a TONGUE FARR

T. spectabile Dahlst. (107, 108) Broad-leaved Marsh Dandelion
Bogs. Frequent.

— === oe == KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

T. laevigatum ( Willd.) DC. (107, 108) Lesser Dandelion

Heaths and sandy ground. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

145

MONOCOTYLEDONES
J UNCAGINACEAE
Triglochin L.

T. palustris L. (107, 108) Marsh Arrowgrass

Marshes and wet meadows. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

T. maritima L. (107, 108) Sea Arrowgrass
Salt marshes. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ==
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

ZOSTERACEAE
Zostera L.

Z. marina L. (107, 108) Eelgrass

In the sea near low water. Very rare.

GOLSPIE —— ——
ASSYNT —— — —— —

Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1888, J.G.)

Assynt (Oldany, 1955, B.F.)

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Z. angustifolia (Hornem.) Reichb. (107, 108) Narrow-leaved Eelgrass

Muddy estuaries. Very rare.

GOLSPIE
——- ae TONGUE FARR
Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1897, E.S.M., 1888, J.G.)
Tongue (Kyle of Tongue, 1900, E.S.M.)

Z. noltii Hornem. (107) Dwarf Eelgrass
Muddy estuaries. Very rare.

GOLSPIE —— —S

Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1897, E.S.M. & W.AS.)

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Potamogeton L.

P. natans L. (107, 108) Broad-leaved Pondweed

Lochs and lochans. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

146

KILDONAN

P. polygonifolius Pourr. (107, 108) Bog Pondweed

Peaty pools in bogs and moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. lucens L. (108) Shining Pondweed
Assynt (Recorded by A. Gray, 1886)

P. gramineus L. (108) Various-leaved Pondweed
Lochs and lochans. Occasional.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Assynt (Loch Awe, 1886, A.G., 1890, E.S.M., Stoer, 1944, AJ.W. &
MSC.)

Durness (Durness, 1881, W.£.M.)

Tongue (Lochs Modsarie, Craisg, Hakel & Dubh, 1948, G.T.)

Farr (Loch Naver, 1888, F.J.H. & J.C.M.)

P. xnitens Weber (108)
Lochs and lochans. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE ——

Assynt (Lochinver, 1886, A.G., Loch an Aigeil, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.)
Eddrachillis (Scourie, 1885, H.H.F. & F.J.H.)

Tongue (Loch Modsarie, 1948, G.T.)

P. alpinus Balb. (108) Red Pondweed
Lochans. Rare.

ASSYNT —— TONGUE ——
Assynt (Loch an Aigeal, 1948, A.J .W. & MSC.)
Tongue ( Loch Slaim, 1945, G.T.)

P. praelongus Wulf. (108) Long-stalked Pondweed

In lochs. Rare.

CREICH —— —$> ss ——-— —— ——
ASSYNT DURNESS —— —_——

Creich (Loch Sail, 1969, U.K.D.)

Assynt (Loch Maol a Choire, 1936, J.E.L., Gillaroo Loch, 1890, E.S.M.)
Durness (Loch Borralie, 1948, G.T.)

P. perfoliatus L. (107, 108) Perfoliate Pondweed
In lochs. Occasional.

147

CREICH ——- —— —— — —S> —— ;
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE ——

Creich (Bonar Bridge, 1842, J.S., Loch Sail, 1969, U.K.D.)

Assynt (Loch Awe, 1886, A.G., 1890, F.J.H. & E.S.M., Loch Borralan,

1886, A.G., Loch an Ordain & Loch Bad na Muirichinn, 1944, A.J.W.

& M.S.C.)

Durness (Loch Croispol & Borralie, 1948, G.T., 1881, W.F.M.)

Tongue (Lochs Modsarie & Craisg, 1948, G.T.)

P. x cognatus Aschers. & Graebn. (108)
Lochs. Very rare.

DURNESS —— —
Durness (Loch Borralie, 1948, G.T.)

P. berchtoldii Fieb. (108) Small Pondweed
In lochs. Rare.

ASSYNT
Assynt (Loch an Aigeil, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.)

P. crispus L. (108) Curled Pondweed

Lochs. Rare.

—— EDDRACHILLIS —— — ——

Eddrachillis (Sandwood )

P. filiformis Pers. (108) Slender-leaved Pondweed

In lochs. Rare.

ASSYNT DURNESS
Assynt (Loch Urigill, 1886, W.F.M., Loch an Aigeil, 1944, A.J.W. &
M.S.C.)

Durness ( Loch Caladail, 1885, H.E.F. & F.J.H., Loch Borralie, 1948,
G.T.)

P. pectinatus L. (108) Fennel Pondweed
In lochs. Rare.

DURNESS ——— —
Durness (Loch Borralie, 1948, G.T.)

148

RUPPIACEAE
Ruppia L.

R. maritima L. (107) Beaked Tasselweed or Tassel Pondweed

In salt-marsh. Very rare.
—— GOLSPIE —— —

Golspie ( Little Ferry, 1962, M.McC.W.)

LILIACEAE
Tofieldia Huds.

T. pusilla (Michx.) Pers. (108) Scottish Asphodel
Marshes and by springs on hills. Rare.

DURNESS —— =a

ASSYNT
Assynt (Inchnadamph )
Durness (Durness, Ben Hope)

Narthecium Huds.

N. ossifragum (L.) Huds. (107, 108) Bog Asphodel

Bogs and wet heaths. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Ornithogalum L.

O. umbellatum L. (107) Star-of-Bethlehem
Introduced.
Clyne ( Brora)

Scilla L.

S. verna Huds. (108) Spring Squill
Grassy turf near the sea. Occasional on the north coast.

== EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Endymion Dumort.

KILDONAN

E. non-scriptus (L.) Garcke (107, 108) Bluebell or Wild Hyacinth

In woods and amongst scrub. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

KILDONAN

149

TRILLIACEAE
Paris L.

P. quadrifolia L. (108) Herb-Paris
Assynt (Islet in Loch Awe, 1895, G.C.D.)

JUNCACEAE
Juncus L.

J. squarrosus L. (107, 108) Heath Rush

Heaths and moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. tenuis Willd. (108) Slender Rush
Bare place by paths. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ——
Assynt ( Lochinver )

Eddrachillis (Kylesku)

Durness (Durness )

J. gerardii Lois. (107, 108) Saltmarsh Rush or Mud Rush
Salt-marshes. Frequent.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. trifidus L. (107, 108) Three-leaved Rush

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Rock-ledges and stony places on many western hills. Ascends to 3000 ft.

Occasional.
CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. bufonius L. (107, 108) Toad Rush

Roadsides, paths, muddy places. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. effusus L. (107, 108) Soft Rush

Wet pastures, bogs. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. conglomeratus L. (107, 108) Compact Rush
Wet pastures, bogs. Common, widespread.

150

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. balticus Willd. (107, 108) Baltic Rush
Dune slacks. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE
— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. (107, 108) Sharp-flowered Rush

Wet meadows, moors and woods. Frequent.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. articulatus L. (107, 108) Jomted Rush

Marshes, wet meadows. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

J. alpinoarticulatus Chaix (108) Alpine Rush
‘Marshy places on mountains. Rare.

ASSYNT TONGUE ——
Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1887, E.S.M.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, R.M.)

J. bulbosus L. (107, 108) Bulbous Rush

Wet bare places in heaths and woods. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR |

J. kochii F. W. Schultz (107, 108)

Wet heathy places. Ascends to 2000 ft. Occasional in west.
LAIRG
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR

J. castaneus Sm. (107) Chestnut Rush
Marshes and springs. 2500 ft. Very rare.
CREICH

Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1960, D.A.R.)

J. bighumis L. (107) Two-flowered Rush
Stony places on hills at 2500 ft. Very rare.
CREICH

151

Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1960, D.A.R.)

J. triglumis L. (107, 108) Three-flowered Rush
Wet rock-ledges on mountains. Occasional.
CREICH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —
Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1827, R.G., 1959, D.A.R.)
Assynt (Conival, 1886, A.G., 1890, H.S.M.)

Durness (Ben Hope, 1957, R.E.C.F.)

Luzula DC.

L. pilosa (L.) Willd. (107, 108) Hairy Wood-rush

Woods. Frequent in east, sparse in west.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin. (107, 108) Great Wood-rush

Woods, shady rocky places by streams. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. spicata (L.) DC. (107, 108) Spiked Wood-rush
Rocky ledges on many western hills. Occasional.
CREICH LAIRG
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Creich (Ben More Assynt)

Lairg (Ben Hee)

Kildonan ( Ben Griam)

L. arcuata Sw. (107, 108) Curved Wood-rush
Stony ground on mountains, about 3000 ft. Very rare.
CREICH

DURNESS ——— ——
Creich (Ben More Assynt, 15824, R.G., 1899, C.E.S.)
Durness (Foinaven, summit, 1824, R.G.)

L. campestris (L.) DC. (107, 108) Field Wood-rush

Grassy places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. multiflora (Retz.) Lejeune (107, 108) Heath Wood-rush or
Many-headed Wood-rush
Heaths, woodland. Common, widespread.

152

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

AMARYLLIDACEAE
Allium L.

A. ursinum L. (107, 108) Ramsons or Garlic

Damp woods, shady places. Occasional.

LAIRG ROGART GOLSPIE —— —— —
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

IRIDACEAE
Tris L.

I. pseudacorus L. (107, 108) Yellow Iris or Yellow Flag

Marshes, swamps, stream sides. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Crocosmia Planch.

C. x crocosmiflora (Lemoine) N. E. Br. (107, 108) Montbretia
Introduced. Occasional.

————— GOLSPIE. CLYNE —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —= == FARR

ORCHIDACEAE
Cephalanthera Rich.

C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch (108) Narrow-leaved or Long-leaved Helleborine
Woods. Rare.

ASSYNT
Assynt (Inverkirkaig & Lochinver )

Epipactis Sw.

KE. helleborine (L.) Crantz. (108) Broad-leaved Helleborine
Woods. Rare.

ASSYNT oe TONGUE ——
Assynt (Achmelvich)
Tongue (Melness & Tongue)

K. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Schult. (108) Dark-red Helleborine
153

Limestone rocks and screes. Occasional.

ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR
Assynt (Inchnadamph)

Durness (Koeldale & Smoo)

Tongue (Melness )

Farr (Invernaver )

Listera R. Br.

L. ovata (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Common Twayblade

Damp sandy pastures. Frequent.

CREICH —— DORNOCH —— —_ — _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. cordata (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Lesser Twayblade

Pine woods and moorland under heather. Sparsely but widely distributed.
Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Goodyera R. Br.

G. repens (L.) R: Br. (107, 108) Creeping Lady’s-tresses

Pine woods. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— ——
= —— oe TONGUE ——

Hammarbya Kuntze

H. paludosa (L.) Kuntze (107, 108) Bog Orchid

In wet moss on moors and in bogs. Rare.

CREICH LAIRG ——- — _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE ——

Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1833, R.G., Shin Bridge, 1945, A.T.)
Lairg (Lairg, 1957, 1.1.)

Kildonan ( Torrish, 1962, M.McC.W.)

Assynt (Lochinver, 1890, E.S.M.)

Eddrachillis (Kylesku, LSS, A.T., Loch Stack, 1964, D.A.R.)
Durness (Eriboltl)

Tongue (Scullomie, 1890, E.S.M., Ben Loyal, 1943, A.T.)

Coeloglossum Hartm.

C. viride (L.) Hartm. (107, 108) Frog Orchid
154

Sandy pastures by the sea. Frequent.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Gymnadenia R. Br.

G. conopsea (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Fragrant Orchid

sub sp. conopsea

Grassland and heaths. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——— LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Leucorchis E. Mey

L. albida (L.) E. Mey. ex schur (107, 108) Small white Orchid
Pastures. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Platanthera Rich.

P. chlorantha (Custer) Reichb. (107, 108) Greater Butterfly-orchid
Wet pastures. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. bifolia (L.) Rich (107, 108) Lesser Butterfly-orchid

Wet pastures. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Orchis L.

O. mascula (L.) L. (107, 108) Early-purple Orchid

Pastures. Frequent.

ROGART DORNOCH —— CLYNE —— ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Dactylorchis (Klinge) Vermeul.

D. fuchsii (Druce) Vermeul. (107, 108) Common Spotted-orchid
Damp meadows. Frequent.

ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ——- ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

155

D. maculata (L.) Vermeul. (107, 108) Heath Spotted-orchid
Damp heaths and moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT HDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. incarnata (L.) Vermeul. (107, 108) Meadow Orchid or

Early Marsh-orchid

Marshes, damp pastures near the sea. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. purpurella (T. & T. A. Stephenson) Vermeul. (107, 108)

Northern Marsh-orchid or Dwarf Purple Orchid

Wet grassy places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. kerryensis (Wilmott) P. F. Hunt & Summerhayes
Irish Marsh-orchid

sub sp. occidentalis (Pugsl.) P. F. Hunt & Summerhayes (108)
Marshes. Rare.

— —— FARR
Farr (Melvich)

LEMNACEAE
Lemna L.

L. minor L. (107) Common Duckweed
In ponds. Rare.

ROGART DORNOCH —— —— LOTH ——
Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, M.McC.W.)
Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1955, J.A.)

Loth (Glen Sletdale, 1962, V.S.S.)

SPARGANIACEAE
Sparganium L.

8. erectum L. (107, 108) Branched Bur-reed
Lochans. Occasional.

ROGART —— GOLSPIE —— = KILDONAN
ee Sa DURNESS FARR

S. emersum Rehm. (108).Unbranched Bur-reed
156

Lochans. Rare.

ASSYNT —_— a FARR
S. angustifolium Michx. (107, 108) Floating Bur-reed
Lochs. Occasional.

ROGART DORNOCH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. minimum Wallr. (107, 108) Least Bur-reed or Small Bur-reed
Lochans. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART —— —— ——- — _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

TYPHACEAE
Typha L.

T. latifolia L. (107) Bulrush or Great Reedmace
In a pond. Rare.

=== DORNOCH —— =—> — = ——=

Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1955, J.A.)

CYPERACEAE
Eriophorum L.

E. angustifolium Honck. (107, 108) Common Cottongrass

Bog pools. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. latifolium Hoppe (107, 108) Broad-leaved Cottongrass
Wet places on basic soil. Occasional.
CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE ——

E. vaginatum L. (107, 108) Hare’s-tail Cottongrass

Wet places on heaths and moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH | KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Scirpus L.

S. caespitosus L. (107, 108) Deergrass
Wet heaths. Common, widespread.

157

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

S. lacustris L. (107, 108) Common Club-rush or Bulrush

Lochs. Occasional.
CREICH ———— — CLYNE —— }#KILDONAN

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS =— TONGUE FARR

S. setaceus L. (107, 108) Bristle Club-rush

Damp bare places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE FARR

S. fluitans L. (108) Floating Club-rush or Floating Spike-rush
Marshes and lochans. Frequent near north and west coasts..

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Eleocharis R. Br.

E. quinqueflora (F. X. Hartmann.) Schwarz (107, 108)

Few-flowered Spike-rush

Damp peaty places on moors. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. multicaulis (Sm.) Sm. (107, 108) Many-stalked Spike-rush
Wet peaty places in bogs. Occasional.

CREICH LAIRG
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. (107, 108) Common Spike-rush
Margins of lochs. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

E. uniglumis (Link) Schult. (107, 108) Slender Spike-rush

Marshes near the sea. Rare.

DORNOCH —— —S> ss —_--— — ——
TONGUE FARR

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS
Assynt (Inverkirkaig, Lochinver )
Eddrachillis ( Laxford Bridge)

Tongue (Melness)

Farr (Invernaver, Altnaharra, Melvich)

158

Blysmus Panz.

B. rufus (Huds.) Link (107, 108) Narrow Blysmus or

Saltmarsh Flat-sedge

Grassy salt marshes. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ——- ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Schoenus L.

S. nigricans L. (107, 108) Black Bog-rush

Damp peaty places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OCLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Rhynchospora Vahl

R. alba (L.) Vahl (107, 108) White Beak-sedge

Wet peaty places. Occasional.
CREICH — — _ KILDONAN

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Cladium Browne

C. mariscus (L.) Pohl (108) Great Fen-sedge or Saw Sedge
In a peaty pool. Rare.

EDDRACHILLIS
Eddrachillis (between Kylestrome & Badcall)

Carex L.

C. laevigata Sm. (107, 108) Smooth-stalked Sedge

Marshes. Rare.

—— = — — + —— _~—sOKILDONAN
EDDRACHILLIS © —— — ——

Eddrachillis (Loch Laxford, 1955, A.S., Handa Is., 1953, H.H.)

Kildonan (Kildonan, 1956, Torrish, 1962, M.McC.W.)

C. distans L. (108) Distant Sedge
Marshes near the sea. Rare.

EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR
Eddrachillis (Kinlochbervie, Sheigra, 1948, M.McC.W.)
Durness ( Balnakeil, 1948, M.McC.W.)

159

Farr (Invernaver, 1954, J.A.)

C. hostiana DC. (107, 108) Tawny Sedge

Marshes, wet pastures and moors. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. binervis Sm. (107, 108) Green-ribbed Sedge

Heaths and moors. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. lepidocarpa Tausch (107, 108) Long-stalked Yellow Bedee
Wet heaths. Frequent.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. demissa Hornem (107, 108) Common Yellow Sedge
Stony places and grassland. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. scandinavica E. W. Davies (108) Northern Yellow Sedge
Rocky places. Rare.

EDDRACHILLIS

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Eddrachillis (Sheigra & Sandwood, 1951, M.McC.W., Rhiconich, 1963,

A.G.K.)

C. serotina Mérat (107, 108) Small-fruited Yellow Sedge or
Dwarf Yellow Sedge

Damp sandy places. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. extensa Gooden. (107, 108) Long-bracted Sedge

Grassy salt marshes. Occasional.

DORNOCH —— —S>
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. sylvatica Huds. (107, 108) Wood Sedge

Woods. Rare.
LAIRG ROGART —— — —$> ss ———
EDDRACHILLIS —— = —

Lairg (Loch Shin)
160

KILDONAN

Rogart (Strath Fleet )
Eddrachillis (Kylesku)

€. capillaris L. (107, 108) Hair Sedge
Jet grassy places on basic soil. Mainly on north and west coast.
Frequent.

ee a —— KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

€. rostrata Stokes (107, 108) Bottle Sedge
Margins of lochans and marshes. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. vesicaria L. (107) Bladder Sedge
Margins of lochs. Rare.

<== —_ CLYNE —— KILDONAN

Clyne (Loch Brora, 1957, W.A.T.)

Kildonan (Kildonan, 1957, M.McC.W.)

C. saxatilis L. (107, 108) Russet Sedge

Mountain bogs. Rare.

CREICH — — —_—.> Ss ——--——s
—— FARR

Creich (Ben More Assynt at 2700 ft, 1960, D.A.R.)
Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1952, J.R.)

C. pallescens L. (107, 108) Pale Sedge

Wet woods. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

€. panicea L. (107, 108) Carnation Sedge

Wet grassy places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. vaginata Tausch (108) Sheathed Sedge
Wet rocky places. Rare.

EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ae
Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore, 1833, W.H.C.)
Durness ( Foinaven, 1957, E.A.B.)

161

C. limosa L. (107, 108) Bog Sedge or Mud Sedge
Muddy margins of lochans. Occasional.

CREICH ROGART
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. flacca Schreb. (107, 108) Glaucous Sedge or Carnation grass
Calcareous grassland. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. lasiocarpa Ehr. (107, 108) Slender Sedge
Swamps and loch margins. Occasional.

CREICH ROGART
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. pilulifera L. (107, 108) Pill Sedge

Grassy and heathy places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. caryophyllea Latourr. (108) Spring Sedge
Calcareous pastures. Occasional.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR
Assynt (Hills round Inchnadamph )

Eddrachillis (Scourie, Rhiconich)

Farr (Invernaver )

C. acuta L. (108) Slender Tufted Sedge
In bog. Very rare.

—— —— FARR
Farr (Altnaharra, 1963, C.R.L.)

C. aquatilis Wahlenb. (108) Water Sedge or Straight-leaved Sedge
Margins of streams. Rare.

— — FARR
Farr (Altnaharra, 1882, H.E.F. & F.J.H., 1897, ES.M. & W.AS.,
1900, E.S.M., 1907 & 1915, G.C.D.)

C. recta Boott (107) Estuarine Sedge
On silt. Very rare.
Dornoch (Loch Fleet)

162

€. nigra (L.) Reichard (107, 108) Common Sedge

Wet grassy places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. (107, 108) Stiff Sedge

Damp stony places on the higher hills. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG — —— _~_ KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. paniculata L. (108) Greater Tussock Sedge or Panicled Sedge
Wet grass. Rare.

EDDRACHILLIS === =o
Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1948, M.McC.W., Handa, 1962, B.S.B., Eriboll,
1964, A.G.K.)

C. diandra Schrank (107) Lesser Tussock Sedge or Lesser Fox Sedge
In bog. Rare.

ROGART —— — —_—_- Ss ——-- —— ——

Rogart ( Rogart, 1950, M.McC.W.)

C. disticha Huds. (107, 108) Brown Sedge
In wet grass. Rare.
CREICH

DURNESS —— ae
Creich (Invershin, 1907, G.C.D.)
Durness ( Durness)

C. arenaria L. (107, 108) Sand Sedge

Sandy sea-shores. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE .CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. chordorrhiza L. f. (108) String Sedge
In sphagnum bogs. Very rare.

—— —— —- FARR
Farr ( Alinaharra, 1897, E.S.M. & W.AS., Mudale, 1907, G.C.D.)

C. maritima Gunn (107, 108).Curved Sedpet

On sandy sea-shores. Occasional.

DORNOCH —— ~CLYNE. —— 39 =——
— — DURNESS TONGUE FARR

163

Dornoch (Dornoch)

Clyne ( Brora)

Durness ( Koeldale )

Tongue (Scullomia, Melness)
Farr (Invernaver )

C. echinata Murr. (107, 108) Star Sedge
Moors and bogs. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

C. remota L. (107, 108) Remote Sedge
Wet shady places. Rare.

DORNOCH ——
ASSYNT — ——
Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1960, J.A.)

Clyne ( Brora, 1958, M.McC.W.)
Kildonan (Suisgill, 1958, M.McC.W.)

Assynt (Lochinver, Stoer, 1944, A.J.W.)

C. curta Gooden. (107, 108) White Sedge
Bogs and marshes. Frequent.
ROGART DORNOCH ——

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

C. ovalis Gooden. (107, 108) Oval Sedge
Rough grassy and waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE

C. rupestris All. (108) Rock Sedge

CLYNE
FARR

CLYNE

CLYNE
FARR

CLYNE

FARR

LOTH

LOTH

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Ledges on limestone rocks. From 50 ft on sea-cliffs to 1500 ft on hills

round Inchnadamph. Rare.

ASSYNT DURNESS

Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, E.S.M., Knockan, 1895, G.C.D., 1960, J.A.)
Durness ( Durness, 1865, I.B., Heilam Ferry & Smoo, 1960, D.A.R.)

C. pauciflora Lightf. (107, 108) Few-flowered Sedge

In bogs. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG —— — —

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. pulicaris L. (107, 108) Flea Sedge
In damp places. Common, widespread.

164

KILDONAN

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT .EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

C. dioica L. (107, 108) Dioecious Sedge

On moors and bogs. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

GRAMINEAE
Phragmites Adans.

P. communis Trin. (107, 108) Common Reed

In swamps. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Molinia Schrank

M. caerulea (L.) Moench (107, 108) Purple Moor-grass

Wet places on heaths and mountains. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Sieglingia Bernh.

S. decumbens (L.) Bernh. (107, 108) Heath-grass

On peaty and sandy soils. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH XKILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Glyceria R. Br.

G. fluitans (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Floating Sweet-grass or Flote-grass

In shallow water, ditches, ponds. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

G. plicata Fr. (107, 108) Plicate Sweet-grass
In ditches. Rare.

— — — ——- — _ KILDONAN
EDDRACHILLIS § —— woe ——

Kildonan (Helmsdale )

Eddrachillis (Handa)

G. declinata Bréb. (107) Small Sweet-grass or Glaucous Sweet-grass

165

In muddy pools. Rare.

— — —— — — LOTH ——

Loth ( Portgower )

G. maxima (Hartm.) Holmberg. (107) Reed Sweet-grass
Margins of streams. Rare.
DORNOCH —— —S> o———-

Dornoch (Cambusmore )
Festuca L.

F. pratensis Huds. (107) Meadow Fescue
Damp meadows. Rare.
CREICH

<> Se CLYNE —— KILDONAN

F. arundinacea Schreb. (107, 108) Tall Fescue

Grassy places near the sea. Rare.

DORNOCH ——— —_ sar——-- sos >
ne — —— a FARR

F. rubra L. (107, 108) Red Fescue or Creeping Fescue

Grassland, heaths, dunes, salt-marshes. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

F. ovina L. (107, 108) Sheep’s-fescue

Grassy places. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

F. tenuifolia Sibth. (107, 108) Fine-leaved Sheep’s-fescue

Grassy places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG — —— CLYNE —— _ KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— — TONGUE FARR

F. vivipara (L.) Sm. (107, 108) Viviparous Fescue

Pastures on mountains. At sea-level on north coast. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Lolium L.

L. perenne L. (107, 108) Perennial Rye-grass
166

Grassy and waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

L. multiflorum Lam. (107, 108) Italian Rye-grass
Fields and waysides. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Vulpia C. C. Gmel.

V. bromoides (L.) Gray (107, 108) Barren Fescue or Squirreltail Fescue

Waste places, heaths. Occasional.
CREICH
ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR

V. myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel. (107) Rat’s-tail Fescue
Casual.
Rogart ( Rogart, 1961, M.McC.W.)

Puccinellia Parl.

P. maritima ( Huds.) Parl. (107, 108) Common Saltmarsh-grass or
Sea Poa

Salt-marshes. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— ——
oe —— DURNESS —— FARR

P. distans (L.) Parl. (108) Reflexed Poa or Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass
Salt marsh. Rare.

DURNESS —— FARR
Durness ( Durness, D.McC., 1966)

Catapodium Link

C. marinum (L.) C. E. Hubbard (108) Darnel Poa or Sea Fern-grass
Sea-shore. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — —_——
Assynt (Clachtoll, 1944, A.J.W., 1966, M.McC.W.)
Eddrachillis ( Pollin, 1956, M.McC.W.)

Poa L.

P. annua L. (107, 108) Annual Meadow-grass

M

DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— KILDONAN

167

Fields, roadsides, waste places. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. alpina L. (107) Alpine Meadow-grass
Stony places on mountains at 2500 ft. Rare.
CREICH

Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1826, R.G., 1959, D.A.R.)

P. nemoralis L. (107, 108) Wood Meadow-grass

Woodlands. Occasional. ;
CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT —— — —— —-

P. glauca Vahl (108) Glaucous Meadow-grass
Damp rock ledges on hill to 2000 ft. Rare.

ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE ——
Assynt (Canisp, 1900, C.E.S.)

Durness (Meall Horn, 1958, D.A.R.)

Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1959, R.H.C.F.)

P. pratensis L. (107, 108) Smooth Meadow-grass

Pastures, roadsides, waste places. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. subcaerulea Sm. (107, 108) Spreading Meadow-grass

Damp coastal sand. Frequent.

—— DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. trivialis L. (107, 108) Rough Meadow-grass

Grassy places and waste land. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH XKILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR j

Catabrosa Beauv.

C. aquatica (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Whorl-grass or Water Whorl-grass
In shallow water. Rare.

DORNOCH —— —$> s—a—--S— —-
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— FARR
Dornoch (Mound, 1888, J.G., 1962, A.McG.S.)

168

Assynt (Clachtoll, 1886, A.G., 1957, B.F.)
Eddrachillis (Scourie, 1938, J.W.H.-H. & H.H.-H.)
Farr (Melvich)

Dactylis L.

D. glomerata L. (107, 108) Cock’s-foot

Pastures, rough grassland, roadsides. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Cynosurus L.

C. cristatus L. (107, 108) Crested Dog’s-tail

Grasslands. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Briza L.

B. media L. (107, 108) Quaking-grass

Grasslands. Rare.

— — GOLSPIE —— ——
DURNESS —— —

ASSYNT
Golspie (Dunrobin)
Assynt ( Lochinver, Inchnadamph )
Durness ( Durness )

Melica L.

M. uniflora Retz. (107) Wood Melick
Damp woods. Rare.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ==

Dornoch (Cambusmore )
Golspie (Golspie )

M. nutans L. (107, 108) Mountain Melick

Woods. Rare.

CREICH a DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- ——
ASSYNT oe ee —

Creich (Invershin)

Dornoch (Cambusmore )

Golspie (Golspie )

Assynt (Lochinver, Inchnadamph )

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

169

Bromus L.

B. ramosus Huds. (107, 108) Hairy Brome
Woods. Occasional.
a —- GOLSPIE ——

ASSYNT
Golspie (Dunrobin)
Assynt (Lochinver, Inchnadamph)

B. sterilis L. (107, 108) Barren Brome
Waste places. Rare.

ee GOLSPIE ——
ASSYNT —— —— —_—- ——
Golspie (Dunrobin)

Kildonan (Helmsdale)

Assynt (Inchnadamph)

B. mollis L. (107, 108) Lop-grass or Soft Brome
Fields, dunes, roadsides and waste places. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

B. thominii Hardouin. (107, 108) Lesser Soft Brome
Roadsides and waste places. Occasional.

LAIRG DORNOCH CLYNE
—— TONGUE ——

Lairg ( Lairg)

Dornoch (Loch Fleet)

Clyne ( Brora)

Kildonan ( Borrobal)
Tongue (Melness, Scullomie )

B. lepidus Holmberg. (107, 108) Slender Soft Brome
Fields and roadsides. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE
a EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

B. commutatus Schrad. (107, 108) Meadow Brome
Grassland. Rare.

CREICH cone se GOLSPIE ——
ASSYNT —— _—— —— ——
Creich (Bonar Bridge)

Golspie (Golspie )

Assynt (Knockan)

170

LOTH

LOTH

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Brachypodium Beauv.

B. sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. (107, 108) False Brome

Woods. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Agropyron Gaertn.

A. caninum (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Bearded Couch
Damp woods. Rare.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——
ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. donianum F. B. White (107, 108) Don’s Twitch or Don’s

Limestone rocks. Very rare.
DORNOCH —— ——

ASSYNT
Dornoch (Cambusmore )
Assynt (Inchnadamph )

A. repens (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Common Couch
Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

LOTH

Couch

KILDONAN

A. junceiforme (A. & D. Live) A. & D. Léve (107, 108) Sand Couch

On sandy shores and dunes. Frequent.
DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Elymus L.

E. arenarius L. (107, 108) Lyme-grass

Seaward side of dunes. Occasional.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Hordeum L.

H. murinum L. (107) Wall Barley
Waste places. Very rare.

Kildonan (Helmsdale )

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

171

Koeleria Pers.

K. cristata (L.) Pers. (107, 108) Crested Hair-grass

Coastal pastures. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS -DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Trisetum Pers.

T. flavescens (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Yellow Oat-grass
Grassy places. Rare.

i —— CLYNE ——
ASSYNT —— —— FARR

Assynt (Lochinver, 1886, A.G.)

Clyne ( Brora, 1962, M.McC.W.)

Farr ( Bettyhill, 1973, K.D.L.)

Avena L.

A. fatua L. (107, 108) Wild-oat
Fields. Rare.

ROGART —— —— a a
TONGUE 4————

Rogart ( Rogart, 1957, M.McC.W.)
Tongue (Coldbackie, 1901, E.S.M.)

A. strigosa Schreb. (107) Bristle Oat or Black Oat
Creich (Bonar Bridge, 1836, A. Murray)

Helictotrichon Bess.

H. pratense (L.) Pilg. (107, 108) Meadow Oat-grass
Coastal turf. Rare.

a GOLSPIE —— ——
—— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ——

H. pubescens (Huds.) Pilg. (107, 108) Downy Oat-grass or
Hairy Oat-grass

Rough grassland. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Arrhenatherum Beauv.

KILDONAN

——E

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

A. elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J. & C. Presl. (107, 108) False Oat-grass

172

Roadsides and waste ground. Frequent.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Holeus L.

H. lanatus L. (107, 108) Yorkshire Fog

Rough grassland, waste places. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

H. mollis L. (107, 108) Creeping Soft-grass

Open woodlands. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Deschampsia Beauv.

D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Tufted Hair-grass
Marshy fields, moors and woods. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. alpina (L.) Roem. & Schult. (107, 108) Alpine Hair-grass
Stony places on mountains from 2000 to 3000 ft. Rare.
CREICH

DURNESS —— SEk Sa

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1824, R.G., 1897, E.S.M., 1962, D.A.R.)

Durness ( Foinaven, summit, 1824, R.G.)

D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. (107, 108) Wavy Hair-grass

Heaths and moors. To 3000 ft. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

D. setacea (Huds.) Hack. (107, 108) Bog Hair-grass
Margins of peaty pools. Rare.
CREICH

EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR
Creich (Invershin)

Eddrachillis (Sandwood )

Tongue (Tongue)

Farr (Altnaharra, Invernaver, Melvich)

KILDONAN

173

Aira L.

A. praecox L. (107, 108) Early Hair-grass

On dry bare sandy and rocky slopes. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. caryophyllea L. (107, 108) Silver Hair-grass

Dry sandy soil on heaths and fields. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Ammophila Host

A. arenaria (L.) Link (107, 108) Marram Grass
Coastal dunes. Frequent.

DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

x Ammocalamagrostis P. Fourn.

<A. baltica (Schrad.) P. Fourn. (108)
On dunes. Rare.
Eddrachillis (Handa Island, 1938, J.W.H.-H. & H.H.-H.)

Calamagrostis Adans.

C. epigejos (L.) Roth (108) Wood Small-reed or Bushgrass
Damp woods, ditches. Rare.

ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— -— —
Assynt (Stoer, Oldany )

Eddrachillis (Handa Island )

Agrostis L.

A. canina L. (107, 108) Brown Bent-grass

Wet meadows, heaths, grassland on hills. Common.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. tenuis Sibth. (107, 108) Common Bent-grass

On heaths, moors, waste ground. Common, widespread.
CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

174

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

A. gigantea Roth (107, 108) Common Bent-grass or Black Bent-grass

Fields and roadsides. Rare.
DORNOCH —— a
—— — — — FARR

A. stolonifera L. (107, 108) Fiorin or Creeping Bent-grass
Grassland, coastal sands, salt-marsh. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Phleum L.

P. bertolonii DC. (107, 108) Smaller Cat’s-tail
Grassland. Probably overlooked.

GOLSPIE —— ——
ASSYNT —— SS oe FARR

P. pratense L. (107, 108) Timothy

Fields, roadsides. Occasional.

CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Alopecurus L.

A. myosuroides Huds. (108) Black Twitch or Black-grass
An old record.
Farr ( Bettyhill, 1589, F.J.H. & J.C.M.)

A. pratensis L. (107, 108) Meadow Foxtail

Grassland. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. geniculatus L. (107, 108) Marsh Foxtail

Muddy margins of pools and ditches. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

A. bulbosus Gouan (108) Tuberous Foxtail or Bulbous Foxtail

Marshes. Rare.
Farr ( Altnaharra, 1931, T.J.F.)

Milium L.

M. effusum L. (107) Wood Millet

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

KILDONAN

175

Woodlands. Rare.

== GOLSPIE —— =—= ===

Golspie (Dunrobin, 1897, H.S.M.)
Anthoxanthum L.

A. odoratum L. (107, 108) Sweet Vernal-grass

Heaths, moors, grasslands. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

Phalaris L.

P. arundinacea L. (107, 108) Reed Canary-grass

Marshes, ditches, margins of ponds. Frequent.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

P. canariensis L. (108) Canary-grass
Casual.
Durness ( Durness )

Nardus L.

N. stricta L. (107, 108) Mat-grass

Heaths, moors, hill pastures. Common, widespread.

CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN
ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR

176

Index of english names

Bold figures indicate definitive references in the County Flora

Aaron's Rod, 114
Adder’s-tongue, 52
Agrimony, 82

Alder, 12, 13, 16, 27, 103

Alkanet
Green, 112
All-seed, 73
Anemone
Wood, 53
Angelica
Wild, 98
Arrow-grass
Marsh, 146
Sea, 146
Ash, 13, 16, 23, 26, 110
Aspen, 104
Avens
Mountain, 82
Water, 82
Wood, 82
Awlwort, 60
Azalea
Trailing, 106

Barberry, 55
Barren Strawberry, 81
Bartsia
Red, 120
Basil Thyme, 122
Bearberry, 106
Alpine, 106
Black, 106
Bedstraw
Common Marsh, 127
Erect Hedge, 127
Great Hedge, 127
Heath, 127
Lady’s, 127
Limestone, 127
Northern, 127
Slender, 127
Beech, 11, 23, 103
Beech Fern, 51
Bellflower
Giant, 126
Creeping, 126

Bell Heather, 107
Bent-grass
Brown, 174
Black, 175
Common, 174
Creeping, 175
Bilberry, 107
Bog, 107
Bindweed
Black, 100
Field, 113
Hairy, 114
Large, 114
Larger, 113

Birch, 8, 1], 12, 16, 17, 27, 32, 35, 37

Downy, 102
Dwarf, 103
Silver, 102

Bird Cherry, 13, 16, 27, 88

Bistort

Alpine, 100

Amphibious, 100
Bitter-cress

Hairy, 61

Wavy, 61

Wood, 61
Bittersweet, 114
Blackthorn, 88
Bladder-fern

Brittle, 49
Bladderwort

Greater, 121

Intermediate, 121

Lesser, 121
Blaeberry, 107
Blinks, 70
Blood-drop-emlets, 115
Bluebell, 126, 149
Blysmus

Narrow, 159
Bog Asphodel, 149
Bogbean, 111
Bog Myrtle, 102
Bog Orchid, 154
Bog-rush

Black, 159

177

Bracken, 29, 48
Bridewort, 79
Brome
Barren, 170
False, 171
Hairy, 170
Lesser soft, 170
Meadow. 170
Slender Soft, 170
Soft, 170
Brooklime, 115
Broom, 23, 75
Broomrape
Red, 120
Thyme, 120
Buckler-fern
Broad, 50
Hay-scented, 50
Narrow, 50
Buckthorn
Sea, 92
Bugle, 125
Pyramidal, 125
Bugloss, 112
Bulrush, 157, 158
Burdock
Lesser, 133
Burnet Rose, 84
Burnet Saxifrage, 98
Bur-reed
Branched, 156
Floating, 157
Least, 157
Small, 157
Unbranched, 156
Bushgrass, 174
Butterbur
White, 130
Buttercup
Bulbous, 53
Celery-leaved, 54
Creeping, 53
Goldilocks, 54
Meadow, 53
Butterwort
Common, 121
Pale, 120

Campion
Bladder, 65
Moss, 65
Red, 65
Sea, 65
White, 65

178

Canary-grass, 176
Reed, 176
Caraway, 97
Campanula
Creeping, 126
Carnation-grass, 162
Cat’s-ear, 135
Cat’s-foot, 131
Cat’s-tail
Smaller, 175
Celandine
Greater, 56
Lesser, 54
Centaury
Seaside, 111
Chamomile
Wild, 132
Yellow, 132
Charlock, 57
Cherry
Wild, 88
Chervil
Bur, 96
Chestnut
Sweet, 103
Chickweed
Common, 67
Greater, 67
Lesser, 67

Chickweed Wintergreen, 110

China Teaplant, 114
Cinquefoil
Alpine, 81
Creeping, 82
Lesser, 82
Marsh, 81
Rock, 81
Cleavers, 127
Cloudberry, 79
Clover
Alsike, 76
Red, 76
White, 76
Zigzag, 76
Clubmoss
Alpine, 45
Common, 45
Fir, 45
Interrupted, 45
Lesser, 45
Marsh, 45
Stag’s-horn, 45
Club-rush
Common, 158
Bristle, 158

‘Club-rush—contd.
Floating, 158
‘Cock’s-foot, 169
‘Colt’s-foot, 130
Comfrey
Common, 112
Tuberous, 112
‘Cornflower, 135
‘Corn Marigold, 133
‘Corn Mint, 121
‘Cornsalad
Common, 129
‘Corn Spurrey, 70
‘Corydalis
Climbing, 56
Cotton-grass
Broad-leaved, 157
Common, 157
Hare’s tail, 157
‘Cotoneaster
Himalayan, 88
Small-leaved, 88
Wall, 88
Couch-grass
Bearded, 171
Common, 171
Don’s, 171
Sand, 171
Cowberry, 107
Cow Parsley, 96
Cowslip, 109
Cow-wheat
Common, 118
Cranberry, 107
Cranesbill
Cut-leaved, 73
Dove’s-foot, 73
French, 73
Meadow, 73
Small-flowered, 74

Creeping Soft-grass, 173
Crested Dog’s-tail, 169
Crested Hair-grass, 172

Crowberry, 109
Mountain, 109

Crowfoot
Ivy-leaved, 54

Cudweed
Common, 1309
Dwarf, 131
Heath, 131
Marsh, 131
Slender, 130
Small, 139
Wood, 131

Cuckcooflower, 60
Currant
Black, 91
Downy, 91

Erect-spiked Red, 91

Red, 91
Cyphel, 68

Daisy, 131
Dame’s Violet, 62
Dandelion

Broad-leaved Marsh, 145

Common, 145
Lesser, 145

Narrow-leaved Marsh, 145

Danewort, 128

Dead-nettle
Cut-leaved, 124
Henbit, 123
Northern, 123
Red, 124
White, 124

Deer-grass, 157

Devil’s-bit Scabious, 129

Dittander, 58

Dock
Broad-leaved, 101
Butter, 101
Curled, 101
Sharp, 101

Dog’s Mercury, 99

Dog Rose, 84, 85, 86, 87

Don’s Twitch, 171
Duckweed
Common, 156

Duke of Argyll’s Tea-plant, 114

Dutch Rush, 46
Dwarf Cornel, 95
Dwarf Furze, 75
Dyer’s Rocket, 63

Eelgrass, 146
Dwarf, 146
Narrow-leaved, 146
Elder
Dwarf, 128
Elm, 13, 16, 23

Enchanter’s Nightshade, 94

Upland, 94

Eyebright, 118, 119, 120

Fat Hen, 71

Felwort, 111

Fescue
Barren, 167

179

Fescue—conid.
Creeping, 166

Fine-leaved Sheep’s, 166

Meadow, 166

Rat’s-tail, 167

Red, 166

Sheep’s, 166

Tall, 166

Viviparous, 166
Feverfew, 133
Field Madder, 126
Figwort

Common, 115
Filmy Fern

Wilsons, 47
Fiorin, 175
Flax

Fairy, 73

Purging, 73
Flixweed, 62
Flote-grass, 165
Fool’s Parsley, 98
Forget-me-not

Changing, 113

Common, 113

Creeping, 112

Early, 113

Field, 113

Tufted, 112

Water, 112

Yellow and Blue, 113
Foxglove, 115

Fairy, 115
Foxtail

Bulbous, 175

Marsh, 175

Meadow, 175

Tuberous, 175
Fragrant Orchid, 155
Frog Orchid, 154
Fumitory

Common, 57

Common Ramping, 57

Tall Ramping, 57

White Ramping, 56

White Climbing, 56
Furze

Dwarf, 75

Garlic, 153
Gean, 13, 16, 88
Gentian
Autumn, 111
Field, 111
Gipsywort, 122

180

Glasswort, 72
Globe Flower, 53
Goat’s-beard, 136
Goldenrod, 131
Good King Henry,',70
Gooseberry, 91
Goosefoot
Red, 71
Goosegrass, 127
Gorse, 75
Goutweed, 98
Grass of Parnassus, 91
Great Mullein, 114
Ground-elder, 98
Ground Ivy, 124
Groundsel, 130
Heath, 130
Stinking, 130
Sticky, 130
Wood, 1390
Guelder Rose, 128

Hair-grass
Alpine, 173
Bog, 173
Crested, 172
Karly, 174
Silver, 174
Tufted, 173
Wavy, 173
Hard-fern, 48
Harebell. 126
Hart’s-tongue, 48
Hawkbit
Autumn, 135
Hairy, 136
Lesser, 136
Rough, 135
Hawk’s-beard
Marsh, 145
Smooth, 145
Hawthorn, 89
Hazel, 11, 12, 26, 27, 103
Heath
Cross-leaved, 107
Heath Grass, 165
Heather, 8, 27, 107
Bell, 107
Hedge Mustard, 62
Hedge-parsley
Upright, 97
Helleborine
Broad-leaved, 153
Dark-red, 153
Long-leaved, 153

Hemlock, 97
Hemp-agrimony, 132
Hemp-nettle, 124
Common, 124
Large-flowered, 124
Henbane, 114
Herb-Paris, 150
Herb Robert, 74
Hogweed, 99
Holly, 27, 75
Holly Fern, 51
Honesty, 60
Honeysuckle, 128
Hornbeam, 103
Horse-chestnut, 74
Horsetail
Field, 47
Great, 47
Marsh, 46
Rough, 46
Shady, 47
Variegated, 46
Water, 46
Wood, 46
Hyacinth
Wild, 149

Indian Balsam, 74
Tris
Yellow, 153
Ivy, 96
Ivy-leaved Toadflax, 114

Jack-by-the-hedge, 62
Japanese Knotweed, 101
Juniper, 27, 52

Kidney Vetch, 77
Knapweed
Common, 135
Greater, 134
Lesser, 135
Knawel
Annual, 70
Knotgrass, 100

Lady Fern, 49
Alpine, 49

Lady’s Bedstraw, 127

Lady’s-mantle
Alpine, 83

Lady’s Smock, 60

Lady’s Tresses
Creeping, 154

Lamb’s Lettuce, 129
Larch, 23
Lemon-scented Fern, 51
Lime, 23

Common, 72
Limestone Fern, 51
Linnaea, 128
Lobelia

Water, 126
Loiseleuria, 106
Loosestrife

Yellow, 110
Lop-grass, 170
Lousewort, 117

Marsh, 117
Lovage

Scots, 98
Lucerne, 75
Lyme-grass, 171

Male Fern, 49
Golden-scaled, 50
Small, 5¢

Mallow
Common, 72
Dwarf, 72
Musk, 72

Mare’s-tail, 95

Marram Grass, 31, 174

Marsh Marigold, 53

Marshwort

Lesser, 97

Masterwort, 99

Mat-grass, 176

Mayweed
Rayless, 132
Scented, 182
Scentless, 132

Meadow-grass
Annual, 167
Alpine, 168
Glaucous, 168
Rough, 168
Smooth, 168
Spreading, 168
Wood, 168

Medow Rue
Alpine, 55
Lesser, 55

Meadow-sweet, 79

Medick
Black, 76

Melick
Mountain, 169
Wood, 169

181

Melilot
White, 76
Milk-Thistle
Field, 136
Milk-vetch
Purple, 77
Miikwort
Common, 64
Heath, 64
Monkeyflower, 115
Montbretia, 153
Moonwort, 52
Moschatel, 129
Mountain Fern, 51

Mouse-ear
Alpine, 66
Arctic, 66
Common, 66
Dark-green, 66
Field, 65
Little, 66

Sea, 66
Sticky, 66

Mouse-ear Hawkweed, 136, 137, 138, 139,
140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145

Mugwort, 133

Musk, 115

Mustard
White, 57
Garlic, 62

Nettle
Small, 102
Stinging, 102
Nipplewort, 135

Oak, 8, 11, 18, 16, 27, 33, 35, 37

Pedunculate, 104
Sessile, 104
Oak Fern, 51
Oat
Black, 172
Bristle, 172
Meadow, 172
Wild, 172
Yellow, 172
Oat-grass
Downy, 172
False, 172
Hairy, 172
Meadow, 172
Yellow, 172
Orache
Babington’s, 71

182

Mountain Everlasting, 131

Common, 71
Frosted, 71
Grass-leaved, 71
Hastate, 71
Shore, 71
Spear-leaved, 71
Orchid
Bog, 154
Common Spotted, 155
Dwarf Purple, 156
Early Marsh, 156
Early-purple, 155
Greater Butterfly, 155
Heath Spotted, 156
Irish Marsh, 156
Lesser Butterfly, 155
Meadow, 156
Northern Marsh, 156
Small White, 155
Orpine, 89
Osier
Common, 105
Ox-eye Daisy, 133
Oxytropis
Purple, 77
Oyster Plant, 113

Pansy
Field, 63
Mountain, 63
Wild, 63
Parsley Fern, 48
Parsley Piert, 83
Slender, 84
Parsnip
Cow, 99
Pearlwort
Alpine, 68
Annual, 67
Awl-leaved, 68
Fringed, 67
Heath, 68
Knotted, 68
Procumbent, 68
Sea, 68
Penny-cress
Field, 59
Pennywort
Marsh, 96
Peppermint, 122
Persicaria, 100
Pale, 100
Pignut, 97
Pillwort, 52

Pimpernel
Bog, 110
Searlet, 110
Yellow, 110
Pirri-pirri-bur, 84
Plane, 23
Pineapple weed, 132
Plantain
Buck’s-horn, 126
Greater, 125
Ribwort, 125
Sea, 125
Plum
Wild, 88
Poa
Darnel, 167
Reflexed, 167
Sea, 167
Policeman’s Helmet, 74
Polypody, 51
Pondweed
Bog, 147
Broad-leaved, 146
Curled, 148
Fennel, 148
Long-stalked, 147
Perfoliate, 147
Red, 147
Shining, 147
Slender-leaved, 148
Small, 148
Tassel, 149
Various-leaved, 147
Poplar
Black, 104
White, 104
Poppy
Common, 55
Field, 55
Long-headed, 56
Opium, 56
Primrose, 109
Scottish, 109
Privet
Wild, 111
Purple Moor-grass, 165
Purslane
Perfoliate, 70
Pink, 70

Quaking Grass, 169

Quillwort
Common, 45
Spring, 46

Radish

Wild, 58
Ragged Robin, 65
Ragwort

Common, 129

Marsh, 130
Ramsons, 153
Rape, 57
Raspberry, 79, 89, 81
Red-rattle, 117
Redshank, 100
Reed.

Common, 8, 165
Reedmace

Great, 157
Restharrow

Common, 75
Rock-eress

Hairy, 61

Northern, 61
Rocket

Tall, 62

Yellow, 61
Rockrose

Common, 64
Rock Samphire, 98
Roseroot, 89
Rowan, 11, 12, 27, 37, 89
Royal Fern, 47
Rush

Alpine, 151

Baltic, 151

Bulbous, 151

Chestnut, 151

Compact, 150

Heath, 150

Jointed, 151

Mud, 150

Saltmarsh, 150

Sharp-flowered, 151

Slender, 150

Soft, 150

Three-flowered, 152

Three-leaved, 150

Toad, 159

Two-flowered, 151
Rye-grass

Italian, 167

Perennial, 166

St John’s Wort
Common, 64
Imperforate, 64
Perforate, 64

183

St John’s Wort—contd.
Slender, 64
Square-stalked, 64

Sallow
Common, 105
Eared, 105

Saltwort
Prickly, 72

Saltmarsh Flat-sedge, 159

Saltmarsh-grass
Common, 167
Reflexed, 167

Sand-spurrey, 70

Sandwort
Alpine, 68
Artic, 69
Mountain, 68
Norwegian, 69
Sea, 69
Three-nerved, 69
Thyme-leaved, 69

Sanicle, 96

Saussurea
Alpine, 134

Saw-wort
Alpine, 134

Saxifrage
Alpine, 90
Mossy, 90

Opposite-leaved Golden, 91

Purple, 91

Rue-leaved, 90

Starry, 90

Yellow, 90
Scabious

Field, 129

Scots Pine, 8, 11, 13, 23, 26, 27, 34, 36,

37, 52
Scottish Asphodel, 149
Scurvy-grass

Alpine, 59
Common, 59
Danish, 59
Scottish, 59
Sea Aster, 131
Seablite, 71
Sea Kale, 58
Sea Milkwort, 110
Sea Rocket, 58
Sea Spurrey
Lesser, 70
Greater, 70
Sedge, 8, 30
Bladder, 161
Bog, 162

184

Bottle, 161

Brown, 163
Carnation, 161
Common, 163
Common Yellow, 160
Curved, 163
Dioecious, 164
Distant, 159

Dwarf Yellow, 160
Estuarine, 162
Few-flowered, 164
Flea, 164

Glaucous, 162

Great Fen, 159
Greater tussock, 163
Green-ribbed, 160
Hair, 161

Lesser Fox, 163
Lesser Tussock, 163
Long-bracted, 160
Long-stalked Yellow, 160
Mud, 162

Northern Yellow, 160
Oval, 164

Pale, 161

Panicled, 163

Pill, 162

Remote, 164

Rock, 164

Russet, 161

Sand, 163

Saw, 159

Sheathed, 161
Slender, 162
Slender Tufted, 162
Small-fruited Yellow, 160
Smooth-stalked, 159
Spring, 162

Star, 164

Stiff, 163
Straight-leaved, 162
String, 163

Tawny, 160

Tufted, 162

Water, 162

White, 164

White Beak, 159
Wood, 160

Selfheal, 123
Sheep’s Fescue

Fine-leaved, 166
Viviparous, 166

Shepherd’s Cress, 59
Shepherd’s Needle, 96
Shepherd’s-purse, 59

Shield-fern
Hard, 50
Shore-weed, 126
Shore-wort, Northern, 113
Sibbaldia, 82
Silverweed, 81
Skullcap, 125
Smith’s Cress, 58
Smith’s Pepperwort, 58
Sneezewort, 132
Snowberry, 128
Snow-in-summer, 66
Sorrel
Common, 101
Mountain, 101
Sheep’s, 101
Sow-thistle
Perennial, 136
Prickly, 136
Smooth, 136
Spear Mint, 122
Spearwort
Lesser, 54
Speedwell
Blue Waiter, 116
Common Field, 116
Germander, 116
Green Field, 117
Grey Field, 117
Heath, 116
Ivy-leaved, 116
Marsh, 116
Slender, 117
Thyme-leaved, 116
Wall, 116
Spike-rush
Common, 158
Few-flowered, 158
Floating, 158
Many-stalked, 158
Slender, 158
Spiraea
Willow, 79
Spleenwort
Black, 48
Green, 49
Maijidenhair, 49
Sea, 48
Spring Beauty, 70
Spurge
Cypress, 100
Petty, 99
Sun, 99
Squill
Spring, 149

n*

Star-of-Bethlehem, 149
Stitechwort
Bog, 67
Greater, 67
Lesser, 67
Stone Bramble, 79
Stonecrop
Biting, 90
English, 89
Rock, 90
White, 90
Storksbill
Common, 74
Strawberry
Wild, 82
Sundew
Great, 92
Long-leaved, 92
Round-leaved, 92
Sweet Briar, 87
Sweet Cicely, 97
Sweet Grass
Floating, 165
Glaucous, 165
Plicate, 165
Reed, 166
Small, 165
Sweet Vernal-grass, 176
Sweet Woodruff, 127
Sycamore, 74

Tansy, 133
Tare
Hairy, 77
Smooth, 77
Tasselweed
Beaked, 149
Thale Cress, 62
Thistle
Creeping, 134
Marsh, 134
Melancholy, 134
Musk, 134
Slender, 134
Spear, 134
Thrift, 109
Thyme
Wild, 122
Timothy, 175
Toadflax
Common, 114
Ivy-leaved, 114
Tormentil, 81
Townhall Clock, 129

185

Trefoil ; Water Starwort

Common Bird’s foot, 77 Autumnal, 95
Greater Bird’s foot, 77 Common, 95
Hop, 76 Intermediate, 95
Lesser, 76 Various-leaved, 95
Turnip Water Whorl-grass, 168
Wild, 57 Welsh Poppy, 56
Tutsan, 64 Weld, 63
Twayblade Western Gorse, 75
Common, 154 Whitebeam
Lesser, 154 Common, 89
Twin Flower, 128 Rock, 89
Twitch Whitlow grass
Black, 175 Hoary, 60
Rock, 60
Valerian Spring, 60
Common, 129 Whorl-grass, 168
Vetch Whortleberry
Bitter, 79 Bog, 107
Bush, 78 Wild Carrot, 99

Common, 78

Narrow-leaved, 78

Spring, 78

Tufted, 78

Wood, 78

Wood Bitter, 78
Vetchling

Meadow, 79
Violet

Common Dog, 63

Heath Dog, 63

Wall Barley, 171
Wall Lettuce, 136
Wall-pepper, 90
Wall Rocket
Annual, 58
Wall-rue, 49
Watercress, 61
One-rowed, 62
Water-crowfoot
Common, 54
Thread-leaved, 54
Water Dropwort
Hemlock, 98
Water-lily
White, 55
Least, 55
Water-milfoil

Alternate-flowered, 94

Spiked, 94
Water Mint, 122
Water-pepper

Common, 100
Water Purslane, 92

186

Willow, 13, 17, 27
Bay, 104
Crack, 105
Creeping, 105
Dark-leaved, 105
Downy, 106
Dwarf, 106
Eared, 105
Goat, 16, 105
Grey, 105
Least, 106
Net-leaved, 106
Purple, 105
Reticulate, 106
Tea-leaved, 105
White, 104
Whorl-leaved, 106
Willow-herb
Alpine, 93
Broad-leaved, 93
Chickweed, 93
Hoary, 92
Marsh, 93
New Zealand, 93
Rosebay, 94
Short-fruited, 93
Small-flowered, 93
Square stalked, 93
Winter-cress, 61
Wintergreen,
Common, 108
Intermediate, 108
One-flowered, 108
Round-leaved, 108
Serrated, 108

Wood Millet, 175
Woodruff, 127
Woodrush

Curved, 152

Field, 152

Great, 152

Hairy, 152

Heath, 152

Many headed, 152

Spiked, 152
Wood Sage, 125
Wood Small-reed, 174
Wood-sorrel, 74

Wormwood, 133

Woundwort
Field, 123
Hedge, 123
Marsh, 123

Wych Elm, 102

Yarrow, 132
Yellow Flag, 153
Yellow-rattle, 117
Greater, 117
Yellow Rocket, 61
Yorkshire Fog, 173

187

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Index of latin names

Bold figures indicate definitive references in the County Flora

Acaena L.
anserinifolia (J. R. & G. Forst.) Druce,
84
Acer L.
pseudoplatanus L., 74
Achillea L.
millefolium L., 132
ptarmica L., 132
Acinos Mill.
arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, 122
Adoxa L.
moschatellina L., 129
Aegopodium L.
podagraria L., 98
Aesculus L.
hippocastanum L., 74
Aethusa L.
cynapium L., 98
Agrimonia L.
eupatoria L., 16, 82
Agropyron Gaertn.
caninum (L.) Beauv., 171
donianum F. B. White, 18, 25, 41, 171
junceiforme (A. & D. Love) A. & D.
Love, 171
repens (L.) Beauv., 171
Agrostis L., 30
ecanina L., 174
gigantea Roth, 175
stolonifera L., 175
tenuis Sibth., 27, 174
Aira L.
caryophyllea L., 174
praecox L., 174
Ajuga L.
pyramidalis L., 16, 21, 125
reptans L., 13, 125
Alchemilla L.
alpina L., 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 88
filicaulis Buser, 17, 83
glabra Neygent, 83
glaucescens Wallr., 83
glomerulans Buser, 83
wichurae (Bus.) Stefanss, 83
Alliaria Scop.
petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande, 62

Allium L.

ursinum L., 153
Alnus Mill.

glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., 40, 103
Aloperecurus L.

bulbosus Gouan, 175

geniculatus L., 175

myosuroides Huds., 175

pratensis L., 175
Ammophila Host, 33
x Ammocalamagrostis P. Fourn., 174

arenaria (L.) Link, 31, 174
x A. baltica (Schrad.) P. Fourn., 174
Anagallis L.

arvensis L., 110

tenella (L.) L., 110
Anemone L.

nemorosa L., 13, 53
Angelica L.

sylvestris L., 30, 98
Antennaria Gaertn.

dioica (L.) Gaertn., 16, 18, 20, 131
Anthemis L.

tinctoria L., 132
Anthoxanthum L.

odoratum L., 27, 30, 176
Anthriscus Pers.

caucalis Bieb., 96

sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., 96
Anthyllis L.

vulneraria L., 77
Aphanes L.

arvensis L., 83

microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm.,

84

Apium L.

inundatum

97

Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynh.

thaliana (L.) Heynh., 62
Arabis L.

hirsuta (L.) Scop., 16, 20, 61
Arctium L.

minus Bernh., 133
Arctostaphylos Adans.

uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., 19, 28, 106

(L.) Rehb. f., 16, 23,

189

Arctous (A. Gray) Niedenzu

alpinus (L.) Niedenzu, 13, 17, 18, 19,
21, 28, 29, 106

Arenaria L.
ssp. leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss., 69
norvegica Gunn., 18, 23, 39, 69
serpyllifolia L., 69

Armeria Willd.

maritima (Mill.) Willd., 13, 16, 18, 19, —

20, 25, 31, 109

Arrhenatherum Beauv.

elatius (L.) J. & C. Presl, 172
Artemisia L.

absinthium L., 133

vulgaris L., 133
Asplenium L.

adiantum-nigrum L., 18, 20, 48

marinum L., 20, 23, 48

ruta-muraria L., 20, 49

trichomanes L., 20, 49

viride Huds., 17, 18, 19, 21, 49
Aster L.

tripolium L., 16, 131
Astragalus L.

danicus Retz., 16, 77
Athyrium Roth

alpestre Clairv., 20, 49

filix-femina (L.) Roth, 49
Atriplex L., 16, 31

glabriuscula Edmondst., 16, 71

hastata L., 31, 71

laciniata L., 71

littoralis L., 71

patula L., 71
Avena L.

fatua L., 172

strigosa Schreb., 172

Barbarea R. Br.

vulgaris R. Br., 15, 61
Bellis L.

perennis L., 131
Berberis L.

vulgaris L., 55
Betula L.

nana L., 20, 29, 40, 103

pendula Roth, 11, 12, 102

pubescens Ehrh., 11, 12, 40, 102
Blechnum L.

spicant (L.) Roth, 48
Blysmus Panz.

rufus (Huds.) Link, 16, 159
Botrychium Sw.

lunaria (L.) Sw., 20, 52

190

Brachypodium Beauv.
sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., 171
Brassica L.
napus L., 57
rapa L., 57
Briza L.
media L:, 169.
Bromus L.
commutatus Schrad., 170
lepidus Holmberg, 170
mollis L., 170
ramosus Huds., 170
sterilis L., 18, 170
thominii Hard., 170

Cakile Mill.
maritima Scop., 16, 31, 58
Calamagrostis Adans.
epigejos (L.) Roth, 174
Callitriche L.
hermaphroditica L., 95
intermedia G. F. Hoffm.,
ssp. hamulata (Kiuitz.), 40, 95
platycarpa Kiitz., 95
stagnalis Scop., 95
Calluna Salisb.
vulgaris (L.) Hull, 7, 8, 16, 26, 28, 29,
38, 107
Caltha L.
palustris L., 53
Calystegia R. Br.
pulchra Brummitt & Heywood, 114
sepium (L.) R. Br., 113
silvatica (Kit.) Griseb., 17, 114
Campanula L.
latifolia L., 126
rapunculoides L., 126
rotundifolia L., 20, 126
Capsella Medic.
bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., 59
Cardamine L.
flexuosa With., 61
hirsuta L., 61
pratensis L., 60
Cardaminopsis (C. A. Mey.) Hayek
petraea (L.) Hiit., 17, 19, 22, 25, 61
Carduus L.
nutans L., 134
tenuiflorus Curt., 134
Carex L., 29, 30
acuta L., 162
aquatilis Wahlenb., 162
arenaria L., 163
bigelowii Torr., 13, 17, 18, 19, 30, 163
binervis Sm., 160

Carex L.,—contd.
capillaris L., 161
caryophyllea Latour., 162
chordorrhiza L. f., 20, 24, 40, 163
curta Good., 16, 164
demissa Hornem., 30, 160
diandra Schrank, 163
dioica L., 165
distans L., 159
disticha Huds., 163
echinata Murr., 19, 164
extensa Gooden., 160
flacca Schreb., 19, 28, 162
hostiana DC., 160
laevigata Sm., 159
lasiocarpa Ehrh., 162
lepidocarpa Tausch, 160
limosa L., 162
maritima Gunn., 16, 20, 22, 163
nigra (L.) Reichard, 163
ovalis Good., 164
pallescens L., 161
panicea L., 30, 161
paniculata L., 163
pauciflora Lightf., 40, 164
pilulifera L., 162
pulicaris L., 19, 164
recta Boott, 162
remota L., 16, 164
rostrata Stokes, 161
rupestris All., 18, 19, 29, 164
saxatilis L., 25, 161
scandinavica E. W. Davies, 160
serotina Mérat, 160
sylvatica Huds., 160
vaginata Tausch, 161
vesicaria L., 161

Carpinus L.
betulus L., 103

Carum L.
earvi L., 97

Castanea Mill.
sativa Mili., 103

Catabrosa Beauv.
aquatica (L.) Beauv., 23, 168

Catapodium Link

marinum (L.) C. E. Hubbard, 24, 167

Centaurea L.

cyanus L., 17, 135

nigra L., 135

scabiosa L., 20, 21, 41, 134
Centaurium Hill

littorale (D. Turner) Gilmour, 16, 111

Cephalanthera Rich.
longifolia (L.) Fritsch, 24, 153

Cerastium L.
alpinum L., 13, 17, 66
arcticum Lange, 66
arvense L., 65
atrovirens Bab., 66
fontanum Baumg., 66
glomeratum Thuill., 66
holosteoides Fr., 66
semidecandrum L., 66
tomentosum L., 66

Chamaenerion Adans.
angustifolium (L:) Scop., 94

Chamaepericlymenum Hill

suecicum (L.) Aschers. & Graebn., 17,

20, 95

Chelidonium L.

majus L., 56
Chenopodium L.

album L., 71

bonus-henricus L., 23, 70

rubrum L., 71 :
Cherleria L.

sedoides L., 19, 25, 68
Chrysanthemum L.

leucanthemum L., 133

parthenium (L.) Bernh., 133

segetum L., 133

vulgare (L.) Bernh., 133
Chrysosplenium L.

oppositifolium L., 22, 91
Circaea L.

x intermedia Ehrh., 94

lutetiana L., 94
Cirsium Mill.

arvense (L.) Scop., 134

heterophyllum (L.) Hill, 134

palustre (L.) Scop., 134

vulgare (Savi) Ten., 134
Cladium P. Br.

mariscus (L.) Pohl, 22, 159
Cochlearia L.

alpina (Bab.) Hooker, 59

danica L., 59

officinalis L.,-20, 31, 59

scotica Druce, 23, 59
Coeloglossum Hartm.

viride (L.) Hartm., 16, 20, 22, 154
Conium L:

maculatum L., 18, 22, 97
Conopodium Koch

majus (Gouan) Loret, 97
Convolvulus L.

arvensis L., 113
Corydalis Vent.

claviculata (L.) DC., 17, 56

Corylus L.

avellana L., 103
Cotoneaster Medic.

horizontalis Decaisne, 88

microphyllus Wall., 88

simonsii Baker, 88
Crambe, L.

maritima L., 58
Crataegus L.

monogyna Jacq., 89
Crepis L.

capillaris (L.) Wallr., 145

paludosa (L.) Moench, 145
Crithmum L.

maritimum L., 98
Crocosmia Planchon

x crocosmiflora (Lemoine) N. E. Br.,

153

Cryptogramma R. Br.

crispa (L.) Hook., 48
Cymbalaria Hill

muralis G., M. & S., 114
Cynosurus L.

cristatus L., 169
Cystopteris Bernh.

fragilis (L.) Bernh., 20, 49

Dactylis L.
glomerata L., 169

Dactylorchis (Klinge) Vermeul.
fuchsii (Druce) Vermeul., 155
incarnata (L.) Vermeul., 16, 156
kerryensis (Wilmott) P. F. Hunt &

Summerhyes, 156

maculata (L.) Vermeul., 156

purpurella (T. & T. A. Steph.)
Vermeul., 16, 156
Daucus L.

carota L., 99
Deschampsia Beauv.
alpina (L.) Roem. & Schult., 15, 22,
25, 173
caespitosa (L.) Beauv., 30, 173
flexuosa (L.) Trin., 27, 173
setacea (Huds.) Hack., 173
Descurainia, Webb & Berth.
sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, 62
Digitalis L.
purpurea L., 115
Diplotaxis DC.
muralis (L.) DC., 24, 58
Draba L.
incana L., 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 60
norvegica Gunn., 15, 19, 22, 25, 60

192

Drosera L.
anglica Huds., 19, 29, 92
intermedia Hayne, 92
x obovata Mert. & Koch, 92
rotundifolia L., 19, 92
Dryas L.
octopetala L., 9, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
26, 28, 29, 33, 82
Dryopteris Adans.
abbreviata (DC.) Newm., 50
aemula (Ait.) O. Kuntze, 50
assimilis S. Walker, 50
borreri Newm., 50
dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray, 50
filix-mas (L.) Schott, 49
lanceolatocristata (Hoffm.) Alston, 50

Eleocharis R. Br.
multicaulis (Sm.) Sm., 158
palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult., 158
quinqueflora (F. X. Hartm.) Schwarz,
158
uniglumis (Link) Schult., 158
Elymus L.
arenarius L., 16, 171
Empetrum L., 25
hermaphroditum Hagerup, 13, 17, 18,
19, 26, 28, 40, 109
nigrum L., 16, 19, 28, 29, 31, 109
Endymion Dum.
non-scriptus (L.) Garcke, 13, 149
Epilobium L.
adnatum Griseb., 93
alsinifolium Vill., 20, 93
anagallidifolium Lam., 17, 20, 93
montanum L., 93
nerterioides A. Cunn., 93
obscurum Schreb., 93
palustre L., 93
parviflorum Schreb., 92
roseum Schreb., 93
Epipactis Sw.
atrorubens (Hoffm.) Schultes, 18, 19,
20, 22, 40, 153
helleborine (L.) Crantz, 40, 153
Equisetum L.
arvense L., 47
fluviatile L., 46
hyemale L., 39, 46
x litorale Kiihlew., 47
palustre L., 16, 46
pratense Ehrh., 15, 47
sylvaticum L., 46
telmateia Ehrh., 19, 47
variegatum Web. & Mohr, 46

Erica L., 7
cinerea L., 28, 29, 107
tetralix L., 29, 107
Erinus L.
alpinus L., 41, 115
Eriophorum L., 7, 8, 29
angustifolium Honck., 157
latifolium Hoppe, 157
vaginatum L., 157
Erodium L’Hérit.
cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit., 74
Erophila DC.
verna (L.) Chevall., 60
Eupatorium L.
cannabinum L., 22, 132
Euphorbia L.
cyparissias L., 100
helioscopia L., 99
peplus L., 99
Euphrasia L., 24
brevipila Burnat & Gremli, 20, 120
confusa Pugsl., 120
curta (Fries) Wettst., 119
foulaensis Wettst., 119
frigida Pugsl., 118
marshallii Pugsl., 20, 24, 119
micrantha Rchb.

xX nemorosa, 118
nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr., 119
officinalis agg., 118
rotundifolia Pugsl., 119
scottica Wettst., 118

Fagus L.
sylvatica L., 103
Festuca L., 30
arundinacea Schreb., 166
ovina L., 166
pratensis Huds., 166
rubra L., 31, 166
tenuifolia Sibth., 166
vivipara (L.) Sm., 25, 166
Filago L.
germanica (L.) L., 130
minima (Sm.) Pers., 130
Filipendula Mill.
ulmaria (L.) Maxim., 13, 79
Fragaria L.
vesca L., 82
Fraxinus L., 39
excelsior L., 110
Fumaria L.
bastardii Bor., 57
capreolata L., 22, 56

muralis Koch, 57
officinalis L., 57

Galeopsis L.
bifida, Boenn., 124
speciosa Mill., 124
tetrahit L., 124
Galium L.
aparine L., 127
boreale L., 127
ssp. erectum Huds. ssp. of mollugo, 127
mollugo L., 127
odoratum (L.) Scop., 127
palustre L., 127
saxatile L., 127
sterneri Ehrendorf., 17, 18, 127
verum L., 127
Gentianella Moench
amarella (L.) Borner, 41, 111
ssp. druceana, Pritchard, 111
ssp. septentrionalis (Druce) Pritchard,
111
campestris (L.) Borner, 111
pulchra Brummet & Heywood, 111
Geranium L.
dissectum L., 73
endressii Gay, 73
molle L., 73
pratense L., 73
pusillum L., 74
robertianum L., 74
Geum L.
rivale L., 30, 82
urbanum L., 82
Glaux L.
maritima L., 22, 31, 110
Glechoma L.
hederacea L., 124
Glyceria R. Br.
declinata Bréb., 165
fluitans (L.) R. Br., 165
maxima (Hartm.) Holmberg, 16, 166
plicata Fr., 165
Gnaphalium L.
supinum L., 20, 131
sylvaticum L., 131
uliginosum L., 131
Goodyera R. Br.
repens (L.) R. Br., 16, 19, 23, 154
Gymnadenia R. Br.
conopsea (L.) R. Br., 21, 155

Hammarbya O. Kuntze
paludosa (L.) O. Kuntze, 154

193

Hedera L.
helix L., 18, 96
Helianthemum Mill.
chamaecistus Mill., 15, 16, 64
Helictotrichon Besser
pratense (L.) Pilger, 172
pubescens (Hugs.) Pilger, 172
Heracleum L.
sphondylium L., 99
Hesperis L.
matronalis L., 62
Hieraceum L., 24, 41
aggregatum Backh., 141
Alpestria F. N. Williams (Section), 143
Alpina F. N. Williams (Section), 137
ampliatum (W. R. Linton) A. Ley, 138
anglicum Fr., 138
angustisquamum (Pugsl.) Pugsl., 143
argenteum Fr., 139
caesiomururum Lindeb., 142
caledonicum F. J. Hanb., 143
callistophyllum F. J. Hanb., 138
camptopetalum (F. J. Hanb.) Sell &
West, 141
Cerinthoidea Koch (Section), 138
cravoniense (F. J. Hanb.) Roffey, 143
dicella Sell & West, 140
dipteroides Dahlst., 142
dovrense Fries., 144
duriceps F. J. Hanb., 141
euprepes F. J. Hanb., 142
eximium Backh., 137
Foliosa Pugsl. (Section), 144
fulvocaesium Pugsl., 143
globusiflorum Pugsl., 137
glacilentum Backh., 137
hebridense Pugsl., 138
holosericeum Backh., 137
hyparcticoides Pugsl., 138
iricum Fr., 139
jovimontis (Zahn) Roffey, 140
langwellense F. J. Hanb., 138
latobrigorum (Zahn) Roffey, 144
lingulatum Backh., 137
marginatum Sell & West, 137
maritimum (F. J. Hanb.) F. J. Hanb.,
145
nitidum Backh., 139
Oreadea Zahn (Section), 139
pictorum EK. F. Linton, 141
pilosella L., 136
Pilosellina Fr. (Section), 136
pollinarioides Pugsl., 141
pollinarium F. J. Hanb., 141
prolixum Norrlin, 141

194

proximum F. J. Hanb., 143
pseudocurvatum (Zahn) Pugsl., 137
reticulatum Lindeb., 144
rivale F. J. Hanb., 142 ;
rubiginosum F. J. Hanb., 142
sarcophylloides Dahlst., 140
saxorum F. J. Hanb., 140
schmidtii Tausch, 139
scoticum F. J. Hanb., 140
schoolbredii EK. 8S. Marshall, 139
sparsifolium Lindeb., 144
strictiforme (Zahn) Roffey, 144
Subalpina Pugsl. (Section), 137
subecrocatum (EK. F. Linton) Roffey,
144
Suboreadea Pugsl., 140
subtenue (W. R. Linton) Roffey, 141
Tridentata F. N. Williams (Section),
144
Umbellata F. N. Williams (Section),
145
umbellatum L., 145
variicolor Pugsl., 142
vennicontium Pugsl., 142
Vulgata (Section), 140
vulgatum Fr., 143
Hippophaé L.
rhamnoides L., 92
Hippuris L.
vulgaris L., 95
Holcus L.
lanatus L., 173
mollis L., 173
Honkenya Ehrh.
peploides (L.) Ehrh., 31, 69
Hordeum L.
murinum L., 18, 171
Hydrocotyle L.
vulgaris L., 96
Hymenophyllum Sm.
wilsonii Hook., 47
Hyoscyamus L.
niger L., 114
Hypericum L.
androsaemum L., 64
maculatum Crantz, 64
perforatum L., 64
pulchrum L., 64
tetrapterum Fr., 64
Hypochoeris L.
radicata L., 1385

Tlex L.
aquifolium L., 75

Impatiens L. Leucorchis E. Meyer

glandulifera Royle, 74 albida (L.) Schur, 155
Tris L. Ligusticum L.
pseudacorus L., 13, 153 scoticum L., 20, 31, 98
Isoetes L. Ligustrum L.
echinospora Durieu, 46 vulgare L., 111
lacustris L., 45 Linaria Mill.
vulgaris Mill., 18, 114
Juncus L. Linnaea L.
acutiflorus Hoffm., 151 borealis L., 16, 23, 38, 128
alpinoarticulatus Chaix, 151 Linum L.
articulatus L., 151 catharticum L., 73
balticus Willd., 16, 151 Listera R. Br.
biglumis L., 15, 25, 151 cordata (L.) R. Br., 19, 22, 154
bufonius L., 150 ovata (L.) R. Br., 16, 20, 22, 154
bulbosus L., 151 Littorella Berg.
castaneus Sm., 15, 25, 151 uniflora (L.) Aschers., 126
conglomeratus L., 150 Lobelia L.
effusus L., 150 dortmanna L., 18, 126
gerardii Lois., 16, 150 Loiseleuria Desv.
kochii F. W. Schultz, 151 procumbens (L.) Desv., 17, 18, 19, 21,
squarrosus L., 150 106
tenuis Willd., 150 Lolium L.
trifidus L., 15, 19, 25, 30, 150 multiflorum Lam., 167
triglumis L., 152 perenne L., 166
Juniperus L. Lonicera L.
communis L., 13, 52 periclymenum L., 13, 128
ssp. nana Willd., 16, 18, 19, 27, 52 Lotus L.
corniculatus L., 77
Knautia L. uliginosus Schkuhr, 77
arvensis (L.) Coult., 20, 129 Lunaria L.
Koeleria Pers. annua L., 60
cristata (L.) Pers., 172 Luzula DC.
arcuata Sw., 22, 152
Lamium L. campestris (L.) DC., 13, 152
album L., 23, 124 multiflora (Retz.) Lej., 152
amplexicaule L., 123 pilosa (L.) Willd., 13, 152
hybridum Vill., 124 spicata (L.) DC., 15, 17, 19, 152
moluccellifolium Fr., 123 sylvatica (Huds.) Gaud., 13, 30, 152
purpureum L., 124 Lychnis L.
Lapsana L. flos-cuculi L., 65
communis L., 135 Lycium L.
Lathyrus L. chinense Mill., 114
montanus Bernh., 13, 79 Lycopodium L.
pratensis L., 79 alpinum L., 17, 18, 19, 45
Lemna L. annotinum L., 41, 45
minor L., 15, 17, 156 celavatum L., 45
Leontodon L. inundatum L., 45
autumnalis L., 135 selago L., 17, 18, 19, 45
hispidus L., 135 Lycopsis arvensis L., 112
taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat, 136 Lycopus L.
Lepidium L. europaeus L., 122
heterophyllum Benth., 15, 58 Lysimachia L.
latifolium L., 58 nemorum L., 13, 110
Smithii Hook., 58 vulgaris L., 110

195

Lythrum L.
portula (L.) D. A. Webb, 15, 92
salicaria L., 24

Malva L.

moschata L., 72

neglecta Wallr., 72

sylvestris L., 18, 72
Matricaria L.

matricarioides (Less.) Porter, 132

recutita L., 23, 132
Meconopsis Vig.

cambrica (L.) Vig., 56
Medicago L.

lupulina L., 76

sativa L., 75
Melampyrum L.

pratense L., 118
Melica L.

nutans L., 16, 169

uniflora Retz., 16, 169
Melilotus Mill.

alba Medic., 76
Mentha L.

aquatica L., 122

arvensis L., 121

x cordifolia Opiz, 122

x gentilis L., 121

x niliaca Jacq., 122

xX piperita L., 122

spicata L., 122

x verticillata L., 121
Menyanthes L.

trifoliata L., 111
Mercurialis L.

perennis L., 99
Mertensia Roth.

maritima (L.) 8. F. Gray, 18, 22, 23,

31, 113

Milium L.

effusum L., 175
Mimulus L.

guttatus DC., 115

luteus L., 115

moschatus Lindl., 115
Minuartia L.

rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern, 22, 68
Moehringia L.

trinervia (L.) Clairv., 69
Molinia Schrank

caerulea (L.) Moench, 29, 165
Moneses Salisb.

uniflora (L.) A. Gray, 16, 108
Montia L.

fontana L., 70

196

perfoliata (Willd.) Howell, 70

sibirica (L.) Howell, 70
Mycelis Cass.

muralis (L.) Dum., 136
Myosotis L.

arvensis (L.) Hill, 113

caespitosa K. F. Schultz, 112

discolor Pers., 113

ramosissima Rochel, 113

scorpioides L., 112

secunda A. Murr., 112
Myrica L.

gale L., 29, 102
Myriophyllum L.

alterniflorum DC., 18, 94

spicatum L., 94
Myrrhis Mill.

odorata (L.) Scop., 97

Nardus L.

stricta L., 30, 176
Narthecium Huds.

ossifragum (L.) Huds., 30, 149
Nuphar Sm.

pumila (Timm) DC., 15, 55
Nymphaea L.

alba L., 18, 55

Odontites Ludw.

verna (Bell.) Dum., 120
Oenanthe L.

crocata L., 24, 98
Ononis L.

repens L., 20, 75
Ophioglossum L.

vulgatum L., 52
Orchis L.

mascula (L.) L., 155
Ornithogalum L.

umbellatum L., 149
Orobanche L.

alba Steph., 120
Orthilia Raf.

secunda (L.) House, 16, 17, 23, 108
Osmunda L.

regalis L., 39, 47
Oxalis L.

acetosella L., 13, 74
Oxyria Hill

digyna (L.) Hill, 20, 101
Oxytropis DC.

halleri Bunge, 20, 21, 22, 41, 77

Papaver L.
dubium L., 56

Papaver L.—conid.

rhoeas L., 55

somniferum L., 56
Paris L.

quadrifolia L., 150
Parnassia L.

palustris L., 91
Pedicularis L.

palustris L., 117

sylvatica L., 117
Pentaglottis Tausch

sempervirens (L.) Tausch, 17, 112
Petasites Mill.

albus (L.) Gaertn., 130
Peucedanum L.

ostruthium (L.) Koch, 99
Phalaris L.

arundinacea L., 176

canariensis L., 176
Phieum L.

bertolonii DC., 175

pratense L., 175
Phragmites Adans.

communis Trin., 165
Phyllitis Hill

scolopendrium (L.) Newm., 22, 48
Pilularia L.

globulifera L., 52
Pimpinella L.

saxifraga L., 20, 98
Pinguicula L.

lusitanica L., 19, 21, 29, 120

vulgaris L., 19, 29, 121
Pinus L.

contorta L., 12

sylvestris L., 52
Plantago L.

coronopus L., 18, 20, 126

lanceolata L., 125

major L., 125

maritima L., 16, 18, 20, 31, 125
Platanthera Rich.

bifolia (L.) Rich., 155

chlorantha (Custer) Reichb., 155
Poa L.

alpina L., 15, 22, 25, 168

annua L., 167

glauca Vahl., 19, 20, 168

nemoralis L., 168

pratensis L., 168

subcaerulea Sm., 168

trivialis L., 168
Polygala L.

serpyllifolia Hose, 64

vulgaris L., 64

Polygonum L.
amphibium L., 100
aviculare L., 100
boreale (Lange) Small, 100
convolvulus L., 100
cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc., 101
hydropiper L., 100
lapathifolium L., 100
persicaria L., 100
viviparum L., 19, 20, 100
Polypodium L.
vulgare L., 51
Polystichum Roth
aculeatum (L.) Roth, 50
lonchitis (L.) Roth, 17, 18, 19, 21,
51
Populus L.
alba L., 104
nigra agg., 104
tremula L., 18, 104
Potamogeton L.
alpinus Balb., 147
berchtoldii Fieb., 24, 148
x cognatus Aschers. & Graebn., 148
crispus L., 148
filiformis Pers., 148
gramineus L., 147
lucens L., 147
natans L., 18, 146
<nitens Weber, 147
pectinatus L., 148
perfoliatus L., 147
polygonifolius Pourr., 147
praelongus Wulf., 147
Potentilla L.
anserina L., 81
erantzii (Crantz) G. Beck, 17, 18, 19,
22, 81
erecta (L.) Rausch., 81
palustris (L.) Scop., 81
reptans L., 82
rupestris L., 25, 41, 81
sterilis (L.) Garcke, 81
Primula L.
scotica Hook., 9, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31,
109
veris L., 20, 109
vulgaris Huds., 109
Prunella L.
vulgaris L., 123
Prunus L.
avium (L.) L., 88
domestica L., 88
padus L., 88
spinosa L., 88

197

Pteridium Scop.

aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, 27, 48
Puccinellia Parl.

distans (Jacq.) Parl., 167

maritima (Huds.) Parl., 31, 167
Pyrola L.

media Sw., 108

minor L., 16, 19, 23, 108

rotundifolia L., 19, 108

Quercus L.
petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl., 104
robur L., 104

Radiola Hill
linoides Roth, 20, 73
Ranunculus L.
acris L., 53
aquatilis L., 54
auricomus L., 13, 54
bulbosus L., 53
ficaria L., 54
flammula L., 54
hederaceus L., 54
repens L., 53
sceleratus L., 15, 54
trichophyllus Chaix, 54
Raphanus L.
raphanistrum L., 58
Reseda L.
luteola L., 63
Rhacomitrium
lanuginosum, 8, 28, 29, 30
Rhinanthus L.
minor L., 117
ssp. borealis (Sterneck) Druce, 118
ssp. monticola (Sterneck) O.
Schwarz, 118
ssp. stenophyllus (Schur) Druce, 117
serotinus (Sch6nh.) Oborny, 117
Rhynchospora Vahl
alba (L.) Vahl, 159
Ribes L.
nigrum L., 91
spicatum Robson, 91
sylvestre (Lam.) Mert. & Koch, 91
uva-crispa L., 91
Rorippa Scop.
microphylla (Boenn.) Hyland., 62
nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, 61
Rosa L., 13, 16
canina L.
var. globularis (Franch.) Dum., 84
dumalis Bechst., 84
var. aspernata (Déségl.) Briggs, 85

198

var. bakeri (Déségl.) W. Dog., 85
var. glaucophylla (Winch) W. Dod.,
85
var. rueteri (God.) Cott., 85
var. schlimpertii Hofm., 85
var. subcanina Chr., 85
var. typica W. Dod., 85
var. watsoni (Baker) W. Dod., 85
f. Setigera W. Dod., 85
var. pruinosa (Baker) W. Dod., 85
pimpinellifolia L., 84
R.x glabra W. Dod), 84
R. x involutus Sm., 84
R. x sabinii Woods, 84
rubiginosa L., 87
sherardii Davies, 86
var. typica W. Dod., 86
f. Glabrata Ley, 87
f. Pseudomollis (Baker) W. Dod., 87
f. Resinosoides (Crép.) W. Dod., 87
var. suberecta (Ley) W. Dod., 87
var. woodsiana (Groves) W. Dod., 87
f. Submollis (Ley) W. Dod., 87
f. Uncinata (Lees) W. Dod., 87
var. omissa (Déségl.) W. Dod., 87
tomentosa Sm., 86
var. scabriuscula Sm., 86
var. typica W. Dod., 86
villosa L., 86
var. mollis Sm., 86
f. Coerulea Woods, 86
R. x shoolbredi W. Dod., 86
Rubus L., 13, 16,:17
Appendiculati (Genev.) Sudre (Sec-
tion), 80
chamaemorus L., 17, 21, 29, 79
danicus (Focke) Focke, 80
fissus Lindl., 80
idaeus L., 79
latifolius Bab., 80
mucronulatus Bor.,.80
nemoralis P. J. Muell., 80
plicatus Weihe & Nees, 80
purpureicaulis W. C. R. Wats., 80
radula Boenn., 81
saxatilis L., 18, 79
scissus W. C. R. Watts., 80
Sylvatici P. J. Muell. (Section), 80
Suberecti P. J. Muell. (Section), 80
sublustris Lees, 80 :
Triviales P. J. Muell. (Section), 80
villicaulis Roche ex Weihe & Nees, 80
Rumex L.
acetosa L., 101
acetosella L., 101

Rumex L.—conid.
conglomeratus Murr., 101
crispus L., 101
longifolius DC., 101
-obtusifolius L., 101

Ruppia L.
maritima L., 149

Sagina L.
apetala Ard., 67
ciliata Fr., 67
maritima Don., 20, 68
nodosa (L.) Fenzl, 68
procumbens L., 68
saginoides (L.) Karst., 18, 20, 68
subulata (Sw.) C. Presl, 68
Salicornia L.
europaea L., 16, 72
Salix L.
alba L., 104
aurita L., 28, 105
caprea L., 105
cinerea L. ssp. atrocinerea Brot., 28,
105
fragilis L., 105
herbacea L., 19, 25, 30, 106
lapponum L., 19, 106
myrsinites L., 17, 18, 27, 106
nigricans Sm., 105
pentandra L., 104
phylicifolia L., 105
purpurea L., 105
repens L. ssp. repens & argentea, 20,
29, 31, 33, 105
reticulata, 19, 22, 29, 39, 106
viminalis L., 105
Salsola L.
kali L., 16, 31, 72
Sambucus L.
ebulus L., 128
nigra L., 128
Sanicula L.
europaea L., 96
Sarothamnus Wimmer
scoparius (L.) Wimmer, 22, 75
Saussurea DC.
alpina (L.) DC., 17, 18, 19, 134
Saxifraga L.
aizoides L., 20, 21, 29, 90
hypnoides L., 16, 17, 90
nivalis L., 19, 25, 41, 90
oppositifolia L., 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26,
91
stellaris L., 17, 19, 90
tridactylites L., 21, 90

Seandix L.

pecten-veneris L., 96
Schoenus L.

nigricans L., 159
Scilla L.

verna Huds., 20, 31, 149
Scirpus L.

cespitosus L., 7, 29, 157. (See also

Trichophorum)

fluitans L., 158

lacustris L., 158

setaceus L., 158
Scleranthus L.

annuus L., 70
Scrophularia L.

nodosa L., 115
Scutellaria L.

galericulata L., 21, 125

Sedum L.
acre L., 16, 90
album L., 90

anglicum Huds., 18, 89

forsteranum Sm., 90

rosea (L.) Scop., 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 30,
89

telephium L., 89
Selaginella Beauv.

selaginoides (L.) Link, 19, 45
Senecio L.

aquaticus Hill, 130

jacobaea L., 20, 129

sylvaticus L., 130

viscosus L., 18, 130

vulgaris L., 130
Sherardia L.

arvensis L., 126
Sibbaldia L.

procumbens L., 30, 82
Sieglingia Bernh.

decumbens (L.) Bernh., 165
Silene L.

acaulis (L.) Jacq., 15, 18, 19, 25, 30,

65

alba (Mill.) Krause, 65

dioica (L.) Clairv., 65

maritima With., 18, 19, 20, 65

vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, 23, 65
Sinapis L.

alba L., 57

arvensis L., 57
Sisymbrium L.

altissimum L., 24, 62

officinale (L.) Scop., 62
Solanum L.

duleamara L., 114

199

Solidago L.
virgaurea L., 131
Sonchus L.
arvensis L., 136
asper (L.) Hill, 136
oleraceus L., 136
Sorbus L.
aria (L.) Crantz, 22, 89
aucuparia L., 89
rupicola (Syme) Hedl., 16, 18, 89
Sparganium L.
angustifolium Michx., 18, 157
emersum Rehman, 156
erectum L., 156
minimum Wallr., 18, 157
Spergula L.
arvensis L., 69
Spergularia (Pers.) J. & C. Presl
marina (L.) Griseb., 70
media (L.) C. Presl, 16, 70
rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl, 70
Sphagnum sp., 7, 8, 29, 30, 32
Spiraea L.
salicifolia L., 79
Stachys L.
x ambigua Sm., 123
arvensis (L.) L., 123
palustris L., 123
sylvatica L., 123
Stellaria L.
alsine Grimm, 67
graminea L., 67
holostea L., 67
media (L.) Vill., 67
neglecta Weihe, 67
pallida (Dumort.) Piré, 67
Suaeda Forsk.
maritima (L.) Dum., 16, 71
Subularia L.
aquatica L., 18, 60
Succisa Haller
pratensis Moench, 129
Symphoricarpos Duhamel
rivularis Suksdorf, 128
Symphytum L.
officinale L., 112
tuberosum L., 112

Taraxacum Weber
laevigatum (Willd.) DC., 145
officinale Weber, 145
palustre (Lyons) DC., 145
spectabile Dahlst., 145
Teesdalia R. Br.
nudicaulis (L.) R. Br., 15, 59

200

Teucrium L.
scorodonia L., 13, 125
Thalictrum L.
alpinum L., 18, 19, 22, 55
minus L., 55
Thelypteris Schmidel
dryopteris (L.) Slosson, 51
oreopteris (Ehrh.) Slosson, 27, 51
phegopteris (L.) Slosson, 51
robertiana (Hoffm.) Slosson, 51
Thlaspi L.
arveyse L., 59
Thymus L.
drucei Ronn., 30, 122
Tilia L.
x europea L., 72
Tofieldia Huds.
pusilla (Michx.) Pers., 19, 149
Torilis Adans.
japonica (Houtt.) DC., 18, 97
Tragopogon L.
pratensis L., ssp. minor (Mill.)
Wahlenb., 20, 136

Trichophorum (see Scirpus), 7, 29, 157

Trientalis L.

europaea L., 13, 16, 17, 110
Trifolium L.

campestre Schreb., 76

dubium Sibth., 76

hybridum L., 76

medium L., 76

pratense L., 76

repens L., 76
Triglochin L.

maritima L., 16, 146

palustris L., 146
Tripleurospermum Schultz Bip.

maritimum (L.) Koch, 20, 31, 132
Trisetum Pers.

flavescens (L.) Beauv., 172
Trollius L.

europaeus L., 13, 15, 18, 53
Tussilago L.

farfara L., 130
Typha L.

latifolia L., 15, 157

Ulex L.

europaeus L., 22, 75

gallii Planch., 75
Ulmus L., 21

glabra Huds., 102
Urtica L.

dioica L., 102

urens L., 102

Utricularia L.
intermedia Hayne, 18, 22, 121
minor L., 18, 22, 29, 121
neglecta Lehm., 18, 121
Vaccinum L., 26, 27
myrtillus L., 16, 27, 30, 107
oxycoccos L., 23, 107
uliginosum L., 107
vitis-idaea L., 107
Valeriana L.
officinalis L., 129
olitoria, 23
Valerinella Mill.
locusta (L.) Betcke, 129
Verbascum L.
thapsus L., 23, 114
Veronica L.
agrestis L., 117
anagallis-aquatica L., 116
arvensis L., 116
beccabunga L., 115
chamaedrys L., 13, 116
filiformis Sm., 117
hederifolia L., 18, 116
ssp. humifusa Dicks., 116
officinalis L., 116
persica Poir., 117
polita Fries, 117

scutellata L., 116
serpyllifolia L., 116
Viburnum L.
opulus L., 128
Vicia L.
angustifolia L., 78
cracca L., 78
hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray, 77
lathyroides L., 78
orobus DC., 18, 78
sativa L., 78
sepium L., 78
sylvatica L., 20, 78
tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., 77
Viola L.
arvensis Murr., 63
canina L., 63
lutea Huds., 63
riviniana Rehb., 13, 63
tricolor L., 63
Vulpia C. C. Gmel.
bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray, 167
myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel., 15, 167

Zostera L.
angustifolia (Hornem.) Rechb., 146
marina L., 23, 146
noltii Hornem., 146

201